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    • Engine oil changing has to be well prepared.

      Before learning how to change engine oil, we remind you that checking engine oil color will not give you any information about its degradation

      If you wonder how to change motor oil, you have have to check if you have all information needed:

      In some cases, car oil change can be easy, in other cases you need special tools.

      How much oil needed for oil change? How much oil do I need for a oil change ? It depends on the size of your engine. For a passenger car, you need between 3 and 7 liters but in some cases, for cars with a dry oil sump it can be 10 to 12 liters and even more. The exact oil volume is indicated in your user manual or can be asked to your service partner. The oil filter has to be changed at the same time. Therefore the oil volume is slightly higher when you renew the oil filter at the same time.

      Before change car oil : be aware that the engine oil is a highly sensitive part of your engine:

      Engine oil changing has to be well prepared.

      Before learning how to change engine oil, we remind you that checking engine oil color will not give you any information about its degradation

      If you wonder how to change motor oil, you have have to check if you have all information needed:

      In some cases, car oil change can be easy, in other cases you need special tools.

      How much oil needed for oil change? How much oil do I need for a oil change ? It depends on the size of your engine. For a passenger car, you need between 3 and 7 liters but in some cases, for cars with a dry oil sump it can be 10 to 12 liters and even more. The exact oil volume is indicated in your user manual or can be asked to your service partner. The oil filter has to be changed at the same time. Therefore the oil volume is slightly higher when you renew the oil filter at the same time.

      Before change car oil : be aware that the engine oil is a highly sensitive part of your engine.

      - Diesel oil change /How to oil change - Step 1: check if you are skilled. Have you already changed oil by your own? Do you know where do you drain the oil?

      - Engine oil change/ How to do oil change - Step 2: Before starting you should check if you have the tools to open the drain screw and the oil filter tool. In modern cars there are electronic service indicators which have to be reseated.

      - How do you change oil - Step 3: Your service partner is trained to carry out Lube oil change on different cars. The equipment you need for and the way to proceed can change according to the year, model and brand of your vehicle. When you are not familiar with oil changes, we recommend to ask your service partner for a personal training or to let him carry out the oil change.

      - Change oil car/ How to change my oil -Step 4 : There are different ways to change your oil. The classic way is to drain the oil by a special plug in the oil pan. But in some cars there is a so called dry oil sump where the oil is stored in a separate oil tank and pumped during engine run back in the engine

      Change the oil/ How do I change my oil In some cases it is more comfortable to change the oil by aspiring with a special oil sucker like a vacuum cleaner. The oil is sucked out by a pipe which has to be introduced in the dipstick tube.

      How to flush engine oil?/ How to drain oil from car? In some cases it is better to suck out the oil by the dipstick tube to prevent dirt und dust coming into the engine. You should be aware that a little quantity of oil in the oil pan will remain. By draining the oil through the plug, the remaining oil is minimized.

      How to change oil on a car /The most secure and comfortable way is certainly to suck the oil out.

      How to change the oil in your car / How do you change oil in your car –It takes more time to drain the oil by the plug in the oil pan. Often there are some parts to be removed before getting access to the oil pan which takes also some minutes more. Sucking the oil by the dip stick pipe is certainly the quickest way.

      - How to change your oil /How to do a oil change on a car- How to change oil filter?

      First of all, you might wonder when to change oil filter? It depends on the condition of your car and driving habits. As there is remaining oil and wear particles in the filter when the oil is drained, we advise you to change the oil filter at the same time as the engine oil.

      We advise to use only genuine parts which are approved by the car manufacturer. There are big differences in oil filter quality. Do not take any risk in using non approved parts for your engine..

      - How to change oil filter?

      Oil filter can be located directly on the engine block or near by the engine in the engine department. There are screw cartouches or cylindrical paper filters which are located in a special housing. Before changing the cartridge you have to remove a cover.

      There is special knowledge needed to carry out an oil filter change. We highly recommend to contact your service partner for these specific information or to let him carry out car oil changes!

    • ome of you might wonder What is brake fluid? or What is brake fluid for? In hydraulic brake systems, brake fluid transmits the force of your foot on the pedal to the brakes. Brake fluid is one of the most important fluids in a car: It’s the connection between the mechanical action of your brake pedal and the brake linings that creates friction to slow your vehicle speed. It’s essential for road safety that you use the right brake fluid and maintain it at the recommended level at all times

      How do you check the level of your brake fluid?

      Some of you might wonder What is brake fluid? or What is brake fluid for? In hydraulic brake systems, brake fluid transmits the force of your foot on the pedal to the brakes. Brake fluid is one of the most important fluids in a car: It’s the connection between the mechanical action of your brake pedal and the brake linings that creates friction to slow your vehicle speed. It’s essential for road safety that you use the right brake fluid and maintain it at the recommended level at all times

      How do you check the level of your brake fluid?

      - Step 1: Park your car on level ground and put the parking brake on.

      - Step 2: Open the hood and secure it safely.

      - Step 3: Locate the reservoir. It’s easy to find: look for a small, semi-transparent reservoir behind the steering wheel. It’s attached to the brake master cylinder, which is a small metal block near by the brake pedal in the engine compartment.

      - Step 4: Checking brake fluid is fairly simple. You check the brake fluid level by making sure it is between the MIN and MAX marks on the reservoir. It should be a light golden brown color if it’s still usable. If the brake fluid level is under the MIN mark, see a qualified mechanic. Note that worn brake linings or a leak from the hydraulic system could be the reason for low brake fluid.

    • A brake fluid change should be done regularly.

      Brake fluid absorbs water from the air. That’s why the boiling point decreases over its lifetime. The result is poor to no braking at all. You should change your brake fluid regularly to keep your brake system working efficiently.
      How to add brake fluid. Check the brake fluid level to ensure it is between the MIN and MAX marks on the reservoir. If the brake fluid level is under the MIN mark, see a qualified mechanic.

      How to put in brake fluid and How to fill brake fluid. Before adding brake fluid, you should be aware that this is not usually necessary. There is no brake fluid consumption. Note that worn brake linings or a leak from the hydraulic system could be the reason for low brake fluid. Do not add brake fluid if the brake fluid reservoir is empty or if your brake pedal goes right to the floor. The brake system may have a leak. Don’t use your car until the problem has been repaired by a qualified mechanic.

      If you want to know more...

      A brake fluid change should be done regularly.

      Brake fluid absorbs water from the air. That’s why the boiling point decreases over its lifetime. The result is poor to no braking at all. You should change your brake fluid regularly to keep your brake system working efficiently.
      How to add brake fluid. Check the brake fluid level to ensure it is between the MIN and MAX marks on the reservoir. If the brake fluid level is under the MIN mark, see a qualified mechanic.

      How to put in brake fluid and How to fill brake fluid. Before adding brake fluid, you should be aware that this is not usually necessary. There is no brake fluid consumption. Note that worn brake linings or a leak from the hydraulic system could be the reason for low brake fluid. Do not add brake fluid if the brake fluid reservoir is empty or if your brake pedal goes right to the floor. The brake system may have a leak. Don’t use your car until the problem has been repaired by a qualified mechanic.

      If you want to know more...

      What’s the difference between brake fluid and power steering fluid?

      They are made of different substances and have different purposes. Their viscosities are specifically adapted to each system, brake fluid to the brake system and power steering fluid to the steering system. The elastomers used in these systems are tailored to these special fluids and would be damaged in case of misuse. They should never be mixed.

      What is power steering fluid used for?

      Power steering fluid is a hydraulic fluid used in the steering system. The fluid runs through the power steering pump, which pushes the power steering fluid to help you turn the steering wheel.

      How to add power steering fluid?

      Locate the power steering fluid reservoir. It is usually on or near the engine in the engine compartment, and may be plastic. Wipe the reservoir with a clean cloth to check the fill level. There is no steering fluid consumption. The level should be between the Max and the MIN mark on the reservoir. If the fluid level is under the MIN mark, there may be a leak in the system. Please see a qualified mechanic. To keep your steering system in good condition, you should change the fluid occasionally. The steering system is a major safety feature of your car. Only qualified mechanics should work on it. Ask for TotalEnergies products, such as TOTAL FLUIDE LDS, FLUIDE DA or LHM PLUS.

    • Most people overlook checking engine oil. It’s easy to do, but can cause major damage requiring thousands of dollars of repairs. You need to check motor oil before any long trip to avoid major damage. In case of use for work, we recommend that you check your oil level daily.

      Checking car oil is quite easy

      We recommend that you check the oil level in the morning when the engine is cold and most of the oil has run down into the engine’s oil pan. The oil pan forms the bottom of your engine and is the reservoir for the engine oil. You will need a clean cloth or paper towels , a can of oil and a funnel. We also recommend wearing disposable gloves. Use only the recommended oil for your engine. Find the right QUARTZ engine oil for your engine at LUBE ADVISOR...

      Most people overlook checking engine oil. It’s easy to do, but can cause major damage requiring thousands of dollars of repairs. You need to check motor oil before any long trip to avoid major damage. In case of use for work, we recommend that you check your oil level daily.

      Checking car oil is quite easy

      We recommend that you check the oil level in the morning when the engine is cold and most of the oil has run down into the engine’s oil pan. The oil pan forms the bottom of your engine and is the reservoir for the engine oil. You will need a clean cloth or paper towels , a can of oil and a funnel. We also recommend wearing disposable gloves. Use only the recommended oil for your engine. Find the right QUARTZ engine oil for your engine at LUBE ADVISOR.

      How to check your car oil

      - Step 1: Put your car on a level surface and turn the engine off. Make sure the engine is cool.

      - Step 2: Lift the hood and secure it.

      - Step 3: Locate the dipstick: it’s usually a color that stands out (often yellow, red or white). If you can’t find it, check the owners’ manual.

      - Step 4: Check the engine oil With a towel, take the dipstick out, wipe it clean and check the high and the low marks at the tip of the dipstick. The dipstick is immersed in the oil in the oil pan.

      How to check motor oil level. Reinsert the dipstick, pull it out and check the oil. If your engine oil level is below the low mark, you’ll have to add more. Do not fill up over the maximum level.
      Even if your oil is black, it may still deliver the required performance.

      How to top up your oil:

      - Put the dipstick back, being careful that it does not touch anything and pick up engine dirt.

      - Remove the oil filler cap, normally located on the top of the engine. If you cannot find it, check your owner’s manual.

      - Use a clean funnel. If you can’t, turn the container upside down.

      - Pour in the amount necessary.

      - Put the cap back on.

      - Recheck the level to make sure it is below the maximum level. Overfilling can damage the catalyst. Start with a small amount and repeat the procedure as necessary.

      - How to check my oil: Watch the video below on how to check your oil in a car with our QUARTZ engine oils

    • How to check transmission oil in a car?

      Just like your engine needs oil to lubricate the different components and protect them against wear and corrosion, your transmission is as well lubricated by special fluid called transmission fluid.

      Maintaining the proper transmission fluid level is important to keep your transmission shifting properly and your car running smoothly.

      How do I check my transmission fluid?

      How to check transmission oil in a car?

      Just like your engine needs oil to lubricate the different components and protect them against wear and corrosion, your transmission is as well lubricated by special fluid called transmission fluid.

      Maintaining the proper transmission fluid level is important to keep your transmission shifting properly and your car running smoothly.

      How do I check my transmission fluid?

      - Step 1: Check your owner’s manual. Do you have a manual or an automatic transmission? Manual transmissions don’t usually have a dipstick. They are factory filled. No top-up is needed. The fluid only has to be changed in the event of repairs.

      - Step 2: Locate the transmission dipstick if you have an automatic transmission. The transmission fluid dipstick is usually red (yellow or white for the engine oil dipstick). The owner’s manual will help you to find the dipstick. If you're lucky, it will be labeled
      - On rear-wheel drive vehicles, the dipstick is usually on the passenger side of the engine compartment, near the back of the engine.
      - On front-wheel drive vehicles, the dipstick is usually on the driver’s side, on one side of the transmission. If you don’t find it, your owner’s manual should show you where to look for it.
      Many cars don’t have a transmission dipstick. The oil level may have to be checked using an electronic device or by removing a screw in the transmission housing. Checking fluid levels in a sealed transmission is a much more complicated process. The average car owner does not have the skills required to check the transmission fluid level. If your car doesn’t have a dipstick have your local transmission shop or dealership check the level. A good time to do this is while you’re having the engine oil changed
      If your car has a transmission dipstick, you should check the transmission fluid level regularly.

      - Step 3: How do you check transmission fluid? or How to check transmission oil
      Remove the stick, wipe it with a clean cloth, reinsert it, leave it in for 5 seconds, then pull back out and check. Add fluid if necessary. Always use the fluid recommended by the manufacturer.
      Add only a little at a time, checking the level with the dipstick each time. It's easy to add transmission fluid, but fairly difficult to remove it if you add too much.
      If the transmission requires more than a quart or is using fluid regularly, take your car in to have it checked for leaks.

      How to properly check transmission fluid. You can also check the color and smell.
      Color is very important for transmission oil. It should not change from its normal light brown, semi-transparent appearance. Automatic transmission fluid (ATF) is a cherry red. If it is dark red or brown, you should have your fluid changed

      If it smells burned or has particles in it, you should also have your transmission serviced. What is a transmission service? It consists of changing the transmission fluid filter before adding the transmission fluid.

      Impress your family when they ask you how to check your transmission fluid or how do you check transmission oil.

      How to check automatic transmission fluid?

      What is automatic transmission fluid?

      Automatic transmission fluid (ATF) is the fluid used in vehicles with automatic transmissions. It is usually red or green.

      Why check the automatic transmission fluid level?

      Automatic transmission fluid is the lifeblood of the transmission. The fluid produces the hydraulic pressure needed to operate the transmission. It also cools and lubricates the transmission. When the fluid level is low, the pump may draw air into the system. Air in the hydraulic system interrupts the proper flow of automatic transmission fluid. Damage can occur very quickly when transmission fluid is low.

      How to check automatic transmission fluid level?

      For transmissions with a dipstick, the procedure is the same as described above.
      Many Fords, Toyotas, GMs and other vehicles no longer have an automatic transmission dipstick for checking the fluid level. Automakers are eliminating automatic transmission dipsticks. Newer transmissions are far more complex than older models and the transmission fluid levels are far more critical. Special procedures are required to check the automatic transmission fluid level in these models.

      If you want to go further, learn how to change automatic transmission fluid:

      1. Drain the transmission fluid: First, disconnect the cooling line running from the transmission to the radiator. Connect a piece of rubber tubing to the pipe and place the free end of the tube in an empty container. Start the engine and let it idle. Transmission fluid should flow out of the cooling line and into the container. As soon as the fluid stops flowing, turn off the engine. You can then reconnect the cooling line to the radiator.
      2. Remove the bolts holding the drain oil pan to the bottom of the transmission.
      3. Clean the drain pan with transmission fluid.
      4. Replace the filter.
      5. Replace the gasket.
      6. Replace the pan: Once the filter and gasket are in place, put the pan back on the transmission. Hand-tighten the bolts for the first few turns so that you don't strip the threads. Then use a torque wrench to finish tightening the bolts. Do not to overtighten the bolts or you will damage the threads in the transmission and dent the pan.
      7. Fill with automatic transmission fluid: Dexron III ATF is the most common, but refer to the owner's manual to choose the appropriate automatic transmission fluid. Check the amount as well.

    • Before giving you all the necessary tips to change antifreeze, let’s take a closer look at what antifreeze does.

      What is coolant?

      Coolant is a liquid stored in your car’s radiator. It has two main functions: helping to prevent engine overheating and corrosion and lubricating the parts it is in contact with, like the water pump. What’s the difference between antifreeze and coolant?

      Coolant vs antifreeze:

      Before giving you all the necessary tips to change antifreeze, let’s take a closer look at what antifreeze does.

      What is coolant?

      Coolant is a liquid stored in your car’s radiator. It has two main functions: helping to prevent engine overheating and corrosion and lubricating the parts it is in contact with, like the water pump. What’s the difference between antifreeze and coolant?

      Coolant vs antifreeze:

      A coolant should be always an antifreeze. These fluids keep liquids from freezing at low temperatures and boiling at temperatures over 100° Celsius, which are common in city traffic in the summer. Only the correct mix ratio between antifreeze and water provides the required protection for your cooling system.

      How many antifreeze types are there?

      There are two main groups of antifreeze, mono ethylene glycol-based and mono propylene glycol-based. We recommend you to refer to the owner’s manual to find out which type your engine needs and the correct antifreeze ratio (antifreeze has to be mixed with water). Each antifreeze contains special additives to prevent corrosion of the metal surfaces in the cooling system. Do not mix different antifreezes, which will adversely impact additive performance.

      When to change antifreeze or how often to change antifreeze/when to change coolant

      The automaker specifies how often coolant should be changed. Please check the owner’s manual or ask your dealer or garage.

      How to check antifreeze?

      Checking antifreeze is very easy.

      There is no need to remove the cap on the radiator. Just check to see if the liquid reaches the “full” mark on the side of the reservoir. If it doesn’t, add a 50/50 mix of water and antifreeze. Some coolants are premixed, so read the instructions on the container to see if you need to add water or can use it as-is.

      Only add water to the coolant system in an emergency. If this happens, you’ll have to do a complete flush and change the coolant if the water concentration is above 60% in the coolant after the top-up.

      How to flush antifreeze/how to drain engine coolant, change coolant

      Every car model is different when it comes to changing antifreeze. It can be a little tricky to remove all the liquid. In some cases, several screws have to be removed to flush the system. Refilling the system can be even more difficult when there is air in the top parts of the engine. We therefore recommend that you have your dealer change the coolant.

    • Need to change your motorbike oil ? Doing it yourself is easy! Let me show you how to change your oil in just 30 minutes! First, remember that your oil should be changed every 5000 km.

      You’ll need a seal-tight container for collecting the used oil, a pair of gloves, paper towels, a drain plug gasket, a funnel, an oil filter that’s fits your motorbike, a drain wrench and a filter wrench. That’s it, you’re all set! Place your vehicle on a flat surface and make sure the engine is slightly warm and has been turned off for about one minute....

      Need to change your motorbike oil ? Doing it yourself is easy! Let me show you how to change your oil in just 30 minutes! First, remember that your oil should be changed every 5000 km.

      You’ll need a seal-tight container for collecting the used oil, a pair of gloves, paper towels, a drain plug gasket, a funnel, an oil filter that’s fits your motorbike, a drain wrench and a filter wrench. That’s it, you’re all set! Place your vehicle on a flat surface and make sure the engine is slightly warm and has been turned off for about one minute.

      Place the drain container under the crankcase.

      Remove the oil fill plug from the crankcase. Then carefully unscrew the drain plug using the wrench. Be sure to watch for splattering oil, and wait until the oil has completely drained.

      Unscrew your old filter. You’re now ready to clean the oil fill plug and drain plug and replace the oil filter gasket.

      Pour a small amount of oil into your new filter using the funnel, and deposit a thin layer of oil on the new gasket. Then, clean the oil fill plug and drain plug. Replace the drain plug gasket as well.

      Reinstall your filter manually and make sure the drain plug is tightened to the torque specified by the manufacturer.

      How do you fill the crankcase with the new oil? Before you go further, check to be sure you’ve chosen an oil recommended by the manufacturer. To do that, look at your motorbike’s service manual.

      Now, carefully pour the oil into the crankcase using a funnel.

      Wait 2 minutes, then insert the fill plug.

      Start up your motorbike and run the engine for a few minutes. Check your oil level again and repeat the process several times if necessary until your oil reaches the maximum level without ever going over.

      You’re now set for a safe ride. Stay tuned for new to maintain your engine.

    • You’re wondering why you need to top-up your oil. Basically, it extends the life of your engine by protecting it from wear and tear that can’t be repaired. The above video explain you how to top up your oil, which needs to be done every 2000 kilometers

      Step one: Check your engine’s oil level

      You’ll need some gloves, kitchen paper and a funnel. Make sure your vehicle is on a flat surface

      Your engine still needs to be warm and switched off for a minute...

      You’re wondering why you need to top-up your oil. Basically, it extends the life of your engine by protecting it from wear and tear that can’t be repaired. The above video explain you how to top up your oil, which needs to be done every 2000 kilometers

      Step one: Check your engine’s oil level

      You’ll need some gloves, kitchen paper and a funnel. Make sure your vehicle is on a flat surface

      Your engine still needs to be warm and switched off for a minute

      To check your oil level, pull out the rod which is normally yellow or orange and located near the engine

      Pull it out as far as it will go, then put it back in its tube. Wait a few seconds before taking it out to check the oil level. The minimum and maximum levels are marked at the end of the rod. If the level is below the minimum mark, top-up your oil immediately. Most vehicles have a warning light on the dashboard. If this light is yellow or red, you need to stop as soon as you can to check your oil level and top it up if necessary.

      Step two: Top-up your oil

      Start by checking that your lubricant matches the manufacturer’s recommendations. Check the owner’s manual for more details. Gently unscrew the cap of your tank to add some oil. Check the oil level again, and repeat several times until the oil has reached the maximum mark, without going over it, then put the cap back on your tank.

      It’s now safe to drive! We look forward to giving you more lubricants advice in the future.
       

    • Victories are celebrated with TotalEnergies lubricants every day. Thrilling victories, that make our childhood dreams come true. And then there are the everyday victories, those that make us proud of pursuing the challenges we face day in, day out.

      Today, we will take you behind the scenes and reveal some of the secrets of TotalEnergies lubricants.

      Thanks to their performance, TotalEnergies lubricants remove impurities, protect from wear and corrosion, act as sealing agents and reduce temperature, making for greater output. Lubricants limit friction by facilitating the free movement of multiple-mechanical parts that come into contact with each other....

      Victories are celebrated with TotalEnergies lubricants every day. Thrilling victories, that make our childhood dreams come true. And then there are the everyday victories, those that make us proud of pursuing the challenges we face day in, day out.

      Today, we will take you behind the scenes and reveal some of the secrets of TotalEnergies lubricants.

      Thanks to their performance, TotalEnergies lubricants remove impurities, protect from wear and corrosion, act as sealing agents and reduce temperature, making for greater output. Lubricants limit friction by facilitating the free movement of multiple-mechanical parts that come into contact with each other.

      In fact, TotalEnergies lubricants alone account for up to 35 % of the engine cooling function.

      For more than 100 years now, Total Lubricants has been innovating to extend the lifecycle of your engine by protecting it from wear and corrosion, to reduce fuel consumption thanks to a dedicated Fuel Economy range and to optimise vehicle maintenance costs, through less frequent oil changes.

      By using TotalEnergies lubricants you are taking good care of all the vehicle's key mechanical centres - engine, transmission, brakes, boxes and axles

      … And perform under the toughest operating conditions…

      ... for every market segment: from two-wheeled light vehicles to transport, construction, agricultural equipment, drilling and mining activities, leisure craft, waterways and fishing.

      The Total Lubricant range was initially developed for racing and benefits from cutting-edge research. Developed in close cooperation with our automotive partners, they are constantly devolving and increasingly innovative!

      Our lubricants are approved and recommended by a large number of vehicle manufacturers and are suited to all their vehicles. For now and in the future, Total Lubricants is committed to developing a range of products that comply with environmental standards, are energy efficient and reduce emissions of CO2.

      Our performance is measured on race tracks around the world but driven to higher standards every day by you.
       

    • This video explains what lubricants are used for, the effect they have on your engine and the benefits they offer.

      The metal parts of your engine suffer the effects of friction as they rub together. This generates heat and leads to premature wear. It's a bit like water-skiing. The buoyancy of the water helps you to glide across the waves more easily. The same principle applies to a lubricant inside your engine.The lubricant helps to reduce the effects of friction between the moving parts. As a result, they wear out more slowly and do not heat up.The oil reduces the amount of friction, which improves the performance of the engine and also reduces its fuel consumption.
      But that's not all. Your lubricant protects your engine against corrosion and acid attacks. It also helps to reduce the temperature of your engine...

       

       

       

      Discover the role of lubricants in our video below:

       

      This video explains what lubricants are used for, the effect they have on your engine and the benefits they offer.

      The metal parts of your engine suffer the effects of friction as they rub together. This generates heat and leads to premature wear. It's a bit like water-skiing. The buoyancy of the water helps you to glide across the waves more easily. The same principle applies to a lubricant inside your engine.The lubricant helps to reduce the effects of friction between the moving parts. As a result, they wear out more slowly and do not heat up.The oil reduces the amount of friction, which improves the performance of the engine and also reduces its fuel consumption.
      But that's not all. Your lubricant protects your engine against corrosion and acid attacks. It also helps to reduce the temperature of your engine.

      Finally, it removes any impurities that may accumulate over time (soot, dust and wear debris), which maintains the performance level of your engine.

      Your lubricant is generally composed of 70% base oil and 30% additives.

      The additives provide essential properties:

      The antioxidant additives increase the oil's ability to resist high temperatures, which results in less frequent oil changes.

      Other additives maintain the lubricity of the oil.

      The detergent additives prevent the formation of deposits, which keeps the engine clean and maintains its performance level throughout its lifetime.

      The anti-foaming additives prevent the oil from frothing and stop the oil pump from running dry.

      The cold temperature additives help the lubricant to remain fluid at low temperatures, allowing the engine to start more rapidly.

      The anti-wear additives increase the longevity of your engine by creating a protective barrier on the surface of the parts.

      The extreme-pressure additives increase resistance to wear and reduce friction.

      Finally, the anti-corrosion additives prevent acid, water and air from attacking the different metal parts. This means that your engine remains younger for longer.

      So now you know everything there is to know about the role of lubricants and their additives.

    • You're about to change your oil, and you're wondering which of the lubricants available on the market you should choose. It's really a choice that depends on your vehicle.

      The right lubricant will meet international standards (ACEA, API, ILSAC, JASO), as well as the specifications of each manufacturer.(ex: Renault RN0710, PSA B71 2290, BMW LL-04….)

      To make your choice, first check your vehicle's maintenance manual to find the standard or authorized lubricant recommended by the manufacturer. This should match the information on the back of the product...

      You're about to change your oil, and you're wondering which of the lubricants available on the market you should choose. It's really a choice that depends on your vehicle.

      The right lubricant will meet international standards (ACEA, API, ILSAC, JASO), as well as the specifications of each manufacturer.(ex: Renault RN0710, PSA B71 2290, BMW LL-04….)

      To make your choice, first check your vehicle's maintenance manual to find the standard or authorized lubricant recommended by the manufacturer. This should match the information on the back of the product.

      You should also choose a lubricant whose viscosity matches your vehicle's needs. Viscosity is a measure of resistance to free flow, and is listed in two grades: a cold grade and a hot grade.

      Total Lubrifiants offers high-performance lubricants on the market. For example, Low SAPS lubricants avoid particle filter clogging, thereby protecting your engine's longevity. Particles are captured and burned in a particle filter, significantly reducing the amount of particles emitted into the air.

      There are also Fuel Economy lubricants from the Quartz product line that help significantly lower your fuel consumption.

      When should you change your oil? Oil change frequency should be based on several factors: the manufacturer's recommendation, generally listed in km or in years, and the kind of driving you do most often: city, rural, or highway. You can always visit a nearby TotalEnergies shop for more advice.
       

    • The first vehicles equipped with hydraulic braking systems were launched in 1924. Alcohols, particularly polyhydric alcohols such as glycerol, and glycerol-water mixtures were used as hydraulic fluids. These products didn’t match the requirements of today’s technology and are only of historical interest.

      Currently, there are mainly three classes of brake fluids:

      The first vehicles equipped with hydraulic braking systems were launched in 1924. Alcohols, particularly polyhydric alcohols such as glycerol, and glycerol-water mixtures were used as hydraulic fluids. These products didn’t match the requirements of today’s technology and are only of historical interest.

      Currently, there are mainly three classes of brake fluids…

      The main used today are glycol-ether based, but mineral oil (Citroën Hydraulic Mineral Liquid LHM) and silicone (DOT 5) based fluids are also available. Silicone oils are mainly used on military vehicles in United States and mineral oils are used for some specific applications (Citroen, Rolls Royce…).

       

      Composition Application Spec Advantages Drawbacks
      Glycol ethers and derivatives 95% of word market DOT 3, DOT 4, DOT 5.1 Miscible with water
      Low compressibility
      Elastomer compatible      		 Hygroscopic
      Mineral Oils Citroen LHM High boiling point Not miscible with water
      Limited rubber
      compatibility
      Silicone Oils Antique military DOT 5 High boiling point More compressible than glycol fluids
      Very expensive
      Need specific elastomers

      The fact that brake fluids are hygroscopic is at the time an advantage and a drawback…

      AN ADVANTAGE,

      because water is everywhere and moisture from air can permeate through microscopic pores in the rubber brake hoses, nylon master cylinder reservoir, and through various seals from the hydraulic system. As brake fluids absorb water into solution, the local concentration levels are typically low enough to avoid corrosion and when exposed to low temperatures, the solution can also prevent the water from freezing on its own.

      A DRAWBACK,

      because water increases the solution viscosity at low temperature and decreases the boiling point of the solution. Fluid containing moisture heats up and turns to steam inside the system creating vapor pockets. Brake fluid becomes thus more compressible loosing its ability to transmit the force necessary to effectively stop the car safely.

    • Brake fluids are composed of 3 mains components:

      Brake fluids are composed of 3 mains components

       

      SOLVENT 60 to 90%

      Polyglycols have a high viscosity that is why it is necessary to dilute them with a product with low viscosity (polyglycol ethers).
      Polyglycols ethers ensure the role of solvent in the fluid. They have to dissolve polyglycols and all other components in such a way to obtain a single-phased fluid to provide satisfactory lubrication under all temperatures.

      LUBRICANT BASIS 5 to 30%

      Polyglycols are used as lubricants in proportion of up to 30% in brake fluids.
      They are obtained by reacting alkylene oxides (ethylene and propylene) with bifunctional components such as diols or water.

      ADDITIVES 2 to 5%

      Brake fluids usually contain up to 5% of additives.
      Corrosion inhibitors are added to protect the brake system metals from corrosion and antioxidants are needed to reduce the oxidative decomposition of glycol ethers polyglycols and to retard the formation of acidic decomposition products and resins.
      These two inhibitors' types are essential to ensure a long-term and satisfactory brake fluid service life.

    • Brakes are activated by pressing the brake pedal, usually with the assistance of a vacuum servo system...

       

      1. Brakes are activated by pressing the brake pedal, usually with the assistance of a vacuum servo system.
      2. The pressure developed in the master cylinder is transmitted equally in all directions through the brake hydraulic pipes.
      3. Pistons in brake slave cylinders of the disc brakes (or drum brakes) are moved by pressure in the fluid.
      4. Thereafter pistons squeeze the brake pads (or shoes) against the discs (or drums). Friction between the pads (or shoes) and the discs (or drums) slows the discs and the connected wheels (or drums) down.

    • Brake fluid performances specifications

      - DOT 3 brake fluid

      DOT 3 brake fluids are usually glycol ether based, but that is not because they are required to be. In fact, FMVSS116 doesn’t precise the chemical composition of brake fluids. It simply dictates the fluid physical properties. However, brake fluid industry has, by consensus, decreed that glycol ether fluids are the most economical way to meet the requirements.

      - DOT 4 brake fluids

      DOT 4 brake fluids are also glycol ether based but they contain in addition borate esters in order to improve some properties including increased dry and wet boiling points. DOT 4 brake fluids have a more stable and higher boiling point during the early portion of their life, but ironically once the fluid does actually begin to absorb water its boiling point will typically fall off more rapidly than a typical DOT 3 brake fluid. By FMVSS116 standards, DOT 4 brake fluids must have a minimum dry boiling point of 230°C and a minimum wet boiling point of 155°C.

      - DOT 5.1 brake fluids

      Historically, DOT 5-level performance (specifically boiling points and viscosity) could only be achieved with silicone-based fluids. However, modern compositions have created glycol ether-based fluids which now meet DOT 5 brake fluids requirements in these key areas. Consequently, the DOT 5.1 brake fluids level was created to differentiate these two very different chemistries which both meet DOT 5 brake fluids performance requirements.
      In so many words, DOT 5.1 brake fluids are simply DOT 4-type brake fluids which meet DOT 5 brake fluids performance requirements. Because of this, they typically can be mixed with DOT 3 or DOT 4 brake fluids without concern. Sometimes, they are even referred to as ‘DOT 4 Plus’ or ‘Super DOT 4’ brake fluids because they are more similar to a conventional DOT 4 fluid by chemistry than they are to a conventional DOT 5 brake fluid. In fact, DOT 5.1 is essentially comprised of borate esters.

      - DOT 5 brake fluids

      DOT 5 brake fluids have been developed for military applications, i.e. for vehicles that could stand in storage for years, without maintenance and had to perform immediately when required. They are superior in terms of boiling point retention and corrosion/conservation properties, since they don’t absorb water. Up to now car manufacturers have not moved to use silicone fluids for first fill regular cars for two main reasons:

      - Low air solubility, which leads to a spongy brake pedal feel.

      - No water solubility, moisture which enters in the system can be corrosive and can freeze at low temperatures or boil at high temperatures.

      Brake fluid performances specifications

      - DOT 3 brake fluid

      DOT 3 brake fluids are usually glycol ether based, but that is not because they are required to be. In fact, FMVSS116 doesn’t precise the chemical composition of brake fluids. It simply dictates the fluid physical properties. However, brake fluid industry has, by consensus, decreed that glycol ether fluids are the most economical way to meet the requirements.

      - DOT 4 brake fluids

      DOT 4 brake fluids are also glycol ether based but they contain in addition borate esters in order to improve some properties including increased dry and wet boiling points. DOT 4 brake fluids have a more stable and higher boiling point during the early portion of their life, but ironically once the fluid does actually begin to absorb water its boiling point will typically fall off more rapidly than a typical DOT 3 brake fluid. By FMVSS116 standards, DOT 4 brake fluids must have a minimum dry boiling point of 230°C and a minimum wet boiling point of 155°C.

      - DOT 5.1 brake fluids

      Historically, DOT 5-level performance (specifically boiling points and viscosity) could only be achieved with silicone-based fluids. However, modern compositions have created glycol ether-based fluids which now meet DOT 5 brake fluids requirements in these key areas. Consequently, the DOT 5.1 brake fluids level was created to differentiate these two very different chemistries which both meet DOT 5 brake fluids performance requirements.
      In so many words, DOT 5.1 brake fluids are simply DOT 4-type brake fluids which meet DOT 5 brake fluids performance requirements. Because of this, they typically can be mixed with DOT 3 or DOT 4 brake fluids without concern. Sometimes, they are even referred to as ‘DOT 4 Plus’ or ‘Super DOT 4’ brake fluids because they are more similar to a conventional DOT 4 fluid by chemistry than they are to a conventional DOT 5 brake fluid. In fact, DOT 5.1 is essentially comprised of borate esters.

      - DOT 5 brake fluids

      DOT 5 brake fluids have been developed for military applications, i.e. for vehicles that could stand in storage for years, without maintenance and had to perform immediately when required. They are superior in terms of boiling point retention and corrosion/conservation properties, since they don’t absorb water. Up to now car manufacturers have not moved to use silicone fluids for first fill regular cars for two main reasons:

      - Low air solubility, which leads to a spongy brake pedal feel.

      - No water solubility, moisture which enters in the system can be corrosive and can freeze at low temperatures or boil at high temperatures.

    • The evolution of car designs to improve fuel economy and reduce exhaust emissions has led to vehicles more powerful and less polluting but also with increasing temperatures under bonnet.

      Nowadays most OEMs require a DOT 3 brake fluid or DOT 4 brake fluid level to assume this range of temperatures and constraints.

      At the moment standard organizations aren’t working on a new specification.

      Nevertheless each OEM is launching or has already launched its own specifications based on DOT 3 brake fluid or DOT 4 brake fluid officials with additional tests and severe limits. It’s a kind of DOT 4 brake fluid + or Super DOT 4 specification.

      The evolution of car designs to improve fuel economy and reduce exhaust emissions has led to vehicles more powerful and less polluting but also with increasing temperatures under bonnet.

      Nowadays most OEMs require a DOT 3 brake fluid or DOT 4 brake fluid level to assume this range of temperatures and constraints.

      At the moment standard organizations aren’t working on a new specification.

      Nevertheless each OEM is launching or has already launched its own specifications based on DOT 3 brake fluid or DOT 4 brake fluid officials with additional tests and severe limits. It’s a kind of DOT 4 brake fluid + or Super DOT 4 specification.

    • Brake Fluids have a limited life, not only because of water absorption but because corrosion inhibitors and stabilizers are depleted over time. Wear particles and rubber fragments will also slowly build up.

      Most automotive professionals agree that glycol based brake fluids, (DOT 3 brake fluid, DOT 4 brake fluid, DOT 5.1 brake fluid) should be flushed, or changed, every 1-2 years. Many manufacturers also require periodic fluid changes to ensure reliability and safety.

      Electronic testers and test strips are commercially available to control brake fluid conditions measuring moisture content.

      Brake Fluids have a limited life, not only because of water absorption but because corrosion inhibitors and stabilizers are depleted over time. Wear particles and rubber fragments will also slowly build up.

      Most automotive professionals agree that glycol based brake fluids, (DOT 3 brake fluid, DOT 4 brake fluid, DOT 5.1 brake fluid) should be flushed, or changed, every 1-2 years. Many manufacturers also require periodic fluid changes to ensure reliability and safety.

      Electronic testers and test strips are commercially available to control brake fluid conditions measuring moisture content.

    • Brake fluid is not considered a "top up" fluid. If it is low, there is usually a problem.

      Brake fluid level in the master cylinder will drop as the linings (pads or shoes) wear and the calipers or wheel cylinders extend further to compensate. This added fluid may need to be removed when renewing pads or shoes.

      Brake fluid level may also be low because of a leak, which could result in a loss of hydraulic pressure and consequently, a significant loss of braking ability. Modern cars have split hydraulic circuits to ensure against total hydraulic failure.

      There is a Technical Data Sheet for every brake fluid, nevertheless the following points should be given special attention:

      - Keep out of the reach of children.

      - Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

      - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice

      - If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label.

      Brake fluid is not considered a "top up" fluid. If it is low, there is usually a problem.

      Brake fluid level in the master cylinder will drop as the linings (pads or shoes) wear and the calipers or wheel cylinders extend further to compensate. This added fluid may need to be removed when renewing pads or shoes.

      Brake fluid level may also be low because of a leak, which could result in a loss of hydraulic pressure and consequently, a significant loss of braking ability. Modern cars have split hydraulic circuits to ensure against total hydraulic failure.

      There is a Technical Data Sheet for every brake fluid, nevertheless the following points should be given special attention:

      - Keep out of the reach of children.

      - Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

      - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice

      - If swallowed, seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label.

    • Brake fluid should be stored in its original container in a clean, dry location at or below room temperature preferably separated from similar storage of petroleum products or fluid materials used for maintenance purposes.

      Always use the original packaging, which should be tightly sealed to avoid water absorption and be clearly marked. Under good conditions of storage, new, unopened containers of brake fluid, with their foil seal intact, will have the following shelf life:

      - Small packs

      shelf life 2 years

      - Drums (stored under a cover, protected from light, positioned on the side)

      shelf life 3 years

      - Bulk (stored in stainless steel tank with a nitrogen blanket)

      shelf life 2 years

      Once opened, the content must be consumed as soon as possible (within few months).

      Brake fluid should be stored in its original container in a clean, dry location at or below room temperature preferably separated from similar storage of petroleum products or fluid materials used for maintenance purposes.

      Always use the original packaging, which should be tightly sealed to avoid water absorption and be clearly marked. Under good conditions of storage, new, unopened containers of brake fluid, with their foil seal intact, will have the following shelf life:

      - Small packs

      shelf life 2 years

      - Drums (stored under a cover, protected from light, positioned on the side)

      shelf life 3 years

      - Bulk (stored in stainless steel tank with a nitrogen blanket)

      shelf life 2 years

      Once opened, the content must be consumed as soon as possible (within few months).

    • Brake fluids DOT 3 brake fluids, 4 brake fluids and 5.1 brake fluids can be completely mixed with other brake fluids which belong to the same category, because DOT standards contain a test of compatibility.

      But mixing a brake fluid with a high boiling point with a fluid having a low boiling point results into a fluid with properties and performances reduced compared to the superior performance of brake fluid.

      Brake fluids DOT 3 brake fluids, 4 brake fluids and 5.1 brake fluids can be completely mixed with other brake fluids which belong to the same category, because DOT standards contain a test of compatibility.

      But mixing a brake fluid with a high boiling point with a fluid having a low boiling point results into a fluid with properties and performances reduced compared to the superior performance of brake fluid.

    • Most people don’t know that used motor oil can be recycled.

      How to safely dispose of oil

      Keep your used motor oil in a clean, leakproof container like a plastic jug or bottle. Make sure the cap is tightly sealed and store in a cool, dry place away from heat, sunlight, children and pets. Used motor oil can't be recycled if it's mixed with other liquids like antifreeze or brake fluid.

      Where to dispose of oil and oil filters

      Where can you take your used motor oil and oil filter to dispose of them? Many auto parts stores and some service stations will take used motor oil and oil filters for recycling. We collect used oil as well, so you can also call our sales manager, who will advise you on the best option. Don't put it out with your normal trash!

      Most people don’t know that used motor oil can be recycled.

      How to safely dispose of oil

      Keep your used motor oil in a clean, leakproof container like a plastic jug or bottle. Make sure the cap is tightly sealed and store in a cool, dry place away from heat, sunlight, children and pets. Used motor oil can't be recycled if it's mixed with other liquids like antifreeze or brake fluid.

      Where to dispose of oil and oil filters

      Where can you take your used motor oil and oil filter to dispose of them? Many auto parts stores and some service stations will take used motor oil and oil filters for recycling. We collect used oil as well, so you can also call our sales manager, who will advise you on the best option. Don't put it out with your normal trash!

    • TotalEnergies is committed to better energy. Part of this means using and recycling our products, particularly oils. 
      Most TotalEnergies affiliates work in partnership with oil recycling companies.

      In partnership with Veolia, TotalEnergies developed Osilub, a plant that uses cutting-edge technology to regenerate used oils.

      Discover the video below of our plant helping to regenerate used oils:

      TotalEnergies is committed to better energy. Part of this means using and recycling our products, particularly oils. 
      Most TotalEnergies affiliates work in partnership with oil recycling companies.

      In partnership with Veolia, TotalEnergies developed Osilub, a plant that uses cutting-edge technology to regenerate used oils.

      Discover the video below of our plant helping to regenerate used oils:

    • Total is committed to better and safer energy. A Total research center has developed biodegradable biolubricants: find out more

      TotalEnergies is committed to better and safer energy. A TotalEnergies research center has developed biodegradable biolubricants: find out more

    • Oil consumption is determined by engine power output and fuel consumption. This means that your engine will consume more oil when you are driving a sportier car or faster or with a trailer to transport horses or boats. Whenever you notice that your vehicle is consuming more oil than before under the same conditions of use, you need to find out why this is happening. High oil consumption can create air pollution and can affect after-treatment devices such as particulate filters and catalysts. Below, some reasons for higher oil consumption:

      - Abnormal piston ring and cylinder wear.

      - Defective crankcase ventilation.

      - Worn valve seals.

      - Abnormal turbocharger wear.

      This listing is not exhaustive. There are plenty of reasons why your oil consumption may be high. We recommend that you see a qualified mechanic.

      Oil consumption is determined by engine power output and fuel consumption. This means that your engine will consume more oil when you are driving a sportier car or faster or with a trailer to transport horses or boats. Whenever you notice that your vehicle is consuming more oil than before under the same conditions of use, you need to find out why this is happening. High oil consumption can create air pollution and can affect after-treatment devices such as particulate filters and catalysts. Below, some reasons for higher oil consumption:

      - Abnormal piston ring and cylinder wear.

      - Defective crankcase ventilation.

      - Worn valve seals.

      - Abnormal turbocharger wear.

      This listing is not exhaustive. There are plenty of reasons why your oil consumption may be high. We recommend that you see a qualified mechanic.

    • Under optimal conditions (stored in the original, unopened containers at moderate temperatures), motor oil usually remains stable for an extended period of time. There should not be deposits on the bottom of the container. You cannot redissolve the deposits by simply shaking the container. The oil has to be replaced.

      That said, an engine oil’s properties are best if it is used within two years. After that, we recommend replacing the oil.

      Don’t put the old oil in the trash. Oil should be recycled.

      Under optimal conditions (stored in the original, unopened containers at moderate temperatures), motor oil usually remains stable for an extended period of time. There should not be deposits on the bottom of the container. You cannot redissolve the deposits by simply shaking the container. The oil has to be replaced.

      That said, an engine oil’s properties are best if it is used within two years. After that, we recommend replacing the oil.

      Don’t put the old oil in the trash. Oil should be recycled.

    • An oil change is when you change the oil of your car. An oil change is merely the process of removing old oil and oil filter, and putting new oil (and a new oil filter) back into the car. Once in a while, cars need to have an oil change because their oil get used too much and needs to be changed, much like a blood vessel for a human body. Doing an oil change on a regular basis is one of the most important steps you can take to keep your car in good running condition

      If you want to know more about oil properties and avantages of lubricants, you can have a look to our video What is a lubricant?

      An oil change is when you change the oil of your car. An oil change is merely the process of removing old oil and oil filter, and putting new oil (and a new oil filter) back into the car. Once in a while, cars need to have an oil change because their oil get used too much and needs to be changed, much like a blood vessel for a human body. Doing an oil change on a regular basis is one of the most important steps you can take to keep your car in good running condition

      If you want to know more about oil properties and avantages of lubricants, you can have a look to our video What is a lubricant?

    • What kind of motor oil?

      To choose the proper type of oil for your vehicle, you need to understand the significance of oil composition, viscosity ratings, and approvals:

      - Oil composition:

      Lubricants are either fully synthetic, synthetic based technology, semi-synthetic or mineral.
      The biggest part of a lubricant is composed of base oils while the remaining part are oil additives which help to protect your engine against wear and corrosion and keep it clean.

      70% of a lubricant is composed of base oils while the remaining 30% are oil additives which help to keep your engine cool, clean, and corrosion-free.

      - Viscosity ratings: Oil is rated and identified by its viscosity, which determines its ability to flow. Two types of oil are on the market: single-viscosity oil and multi-viscosity oil. Almost every vehicle is designed to run on multi-viscosity oil. The lower the number, the thinner the oil and the more easily it flows. In 10W-30 oil, for example, the two numbers mean that it’s a multi-viscosity oil. The 10W is an index that refers to how the oil flows at low temperatures (in Winter); 30 refers to how it flows at high temperatures.

      To find out which viscosity to choose for your vehicle, look in your owner’s manual for an oil viscosity chart:

      What kind of motor oil?

      To choose the proper type of oil for your vehicle, you need to understand the significance of oil composition, viscosity ratings, and approvals:

      - Oil composition:

      Lubricants are either fully synthetic, synthetic based technology, semi-synthetic or mineral.
      The biggest part of a lubricant is composed of base oils while the remaining part are oil additives which help to protect your engine against wear and corrosion and keep it clean.

      70% of a lubricant is composed of base oils while the remaining 30% are oil additives which help to keep your engine cool, clean, and corrosion-free.

      - Viscosity ratings: Oil is rated and identified by its viscosity, which determines its ability to flow. Two types of oil are on the market: single-viscosity oil and multi-viscosity oil. Almost every vehicle is designed to run on multi-viscosity oil. The lower the number, the thinner the oil and the more easily it flows. In 10W-30 oil, for example, the two numbers mean that it’s a multi-viscosity oil. The 10W is an index that refers to how the oil flows at low temperatures (in Winter); 30 refers to how it flows at high temperatures.

      To find out which viscosity to choose for your vehicle, look in your owner’s manual for an oil viscosity chart.

       

       

      Lubricants have to undergo many tests to be approved by international organizations.

      In addition, each OEM issued their own homologations so you have to check your owners’s manual to get your manufacturers’ recommendation in terms of grade and homologations to have. Regularly changing your car's engine oil is necessary to ensure proper engine function as well as to ensure that a vehicle engine lasts for as long as possible.

    • Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially made (synthesized). Synthetic lubricants can be manufactured using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil, but can also be synthesized from other raw materials. Synthetic oil is used as a substitute for lubricant refined from petroleum when operating in extremes of temperature, because, in general, it provides superior mechanical and chemical properties to those found in traditional mineral oils

      Find more on our QUARTZ 9000 synthetic engine oils

      What is synthetic blend oil?

      Synthetic oil is a lubricant consisting of chemical compounds that are artificially made (synthesized). Synthetic lubricants can be manufactured using chemically modified petroleum components rather than whole crude oil, but can also be synthesized from other raw materials. Synthetic oil is used as a substitute for lubricant refined from petroleum when operating in extremes of temperature, because, in general, it provides superior mechanical and chemical properties to those found in traditional mineral oils

      Find more on our QUARTZ 9000 synthetic engine oils

      What is synthetic blend oil?

      Part-synthetic, also called synthetic blend or semi-synthetic—oils are blends of mineral oil (conventional) and synthetic base oil.

      Synthetic blend oils allow to combine a better overall performance of synthetic oils with a good ratio quality/price.

      Find more on our QUARTZ 7000 synthetic blend engine oils

      Synthetic oil vs conventional

      Synthetic oils bring 5 main advantages over conventional motor oils:

      - Superior temperature resistance. Synthetic oils can safely handle higher operating temperatures without breaking down. Synthetic oils are thus recommended for hot climates as well as heavy-duty, turbocharged or hard-use applications.

      - Better low temperature performance, making easier cold starts. Synthetics flow freely at extremely low temperatures (-30 °/- 40° C)

      - Better Engine Protection. As motor oil travels through the engine, some of the additives can be sheared, literally cut in half, by high-speed engine parts, thinning the oil. Full synthetic motor oils resist shear under heavy loads better than conventional oils. This helps synthetic motor oil maintain its viscosity grade, enabling it to offer better engine protection and withstand more extreme engine conditions.

      - Lower oil consumption. Synthetic motor oils experience less "boil off" than conventional motor oils. A good synthetic will lose only about four percent of its weight when run at 400 degrees for six hours, compared to a 30% loss for a conventional petroleum based oil. The lower evaporation rate means less oil consumption between changes.

      - Cleaner engines. Synthetics don't break down or sludge up as fast as ordinary mineral based oils do. This means that the short trip to the store and back or a lot of city driving in the winter does not accumulate sludge in the engine as fast and lubrication efficiency is maintained.

      Discover all the advantages of synthetic oils over conventional oils:

    • You can follow our guidelines given in the section How? How to do an oil change, the way to carry out an oil change is similar whatever the composition.

      We just highlight 2 important issues:

      - Synthetics can last as much as three times longer than conventional oil, which means that you could be saving 15 to 24 liters of oil.

      - With synthetic oils, you can go up to 20,000 or 30,000 km of oil drain intervals.

      You can follow our guidelines given in the section How? How to do an oil change, the way to carry out an oil change is similar whatever the composition.

      We just highlight 2 important issues:

      - Synthetics can last as much as three times longer than conventional oil, which means that you could be saving 15 to 24 liters of oil.

      - With synthetic oils, you can go up to 20,000 or 30,000 km of oil drain intervals.

    • You can follow our main recommendations and motor oil ratings...

      You can follow our main recommendations and motor oil ratings:

      - If you have a passenger car:

       

       If you have a motorcycle or scooter:

       

      - If you have public works equipment:

       

      If you want to go even further,discover our lubricants’homologations, description, technical sheet, safety data sheet (SDS) visit our online catalogue.

      Nb - What is motor oil weight?

      SAE J300 has established eleven viscosity grades, of which six are considered Winter-grades and given a W designation. The 11 viscosity grades are 0W, 5W, 10W, 15W, 20W, 25W, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60. These numbers are often referred to as the "weight" of a motor oil, and single-grade motor oils are often called "straight-weight" oils.

    • QUARTZ engine oil truly are formulated in collaboration with car manufacturers, used for factory fills and recommended for use in after-sales...

      Ordinary engine oils may claim:  QUARTZ engine oil truly are:
      Approved for use in after-sales   Formulated in collaboration with car manufacturers, used for factory fills and recommended for use in after-sales
      Laboratory-tested   Feature technologies which are approved by manufacturers for their future engines
      Provide protection   Able to withstand all types of wear, clogging and oxidation in engines and pollution control systems
      Deliver performance   The winning technology in motorsports competitions of the highest level (Formula One, Rally events, Endurance, Paris-Dakar, etc.)
      Extended range of applications   Able to combine universal solutions with niche applications
      A recognised brand   High-profile products that are used in more than 130 countries. TotalEnergies is a partner of some of the world’s biggest manufacturers including Infiniti Red Bull, Renault, Peugeot, Citroën, Lotus, Nissan, Great Wall Motors, Toyota and others

      Supported by the TotalEnergies brand, it sponsors and is a partner of a number of major media events, such as the Copa TotalEnergies Sudamericana, the release of the film "Robocop", the Facebook engine race, etc.
      Innovation   At the cutting edge of new "Fuel Economy" direct injection engine developments, hybrid engines, 3-cylinder engines… and engines that excel in all possible ways to reduce friction!

       

      If you want to go even further,discover our lubricants’ homologations, description, technical sheet, safety data sheet (SDS) visit our online catalogue

    • Remove your motorcycle oil filter cap, place a tray under the bike and remove the sump plug. Remove the appropriate bolt, which is the biggest one on the sump, usually on the bottom or on the side.

      Once the oil is drained, remove the filter with a wrench.

      Replace the sump plug, tighten to the correct torque setting as recommended in the owner's manual before spinning on a new filter. Smear the rubber filter gasket in clean oil before tightening by hand. Nip it up half a turn with the filter wrench.

      Pour new oil. You can restart the bike after and check for leaks. After that, stop the engine for five minutes and check the level again.

      Discover in images how to replace your motorcycle oil filter:

      Remove your motorcycle oil filter cap, place a tray under the bike and remove the sump plug. Remove the appropriate bolt, which is the biggest one on the sump, usually on the bottom or on the side.

      Once the oil is drained, remove the filter with a wrench.

      Replace the sump plug, tighten to the correct torque setting as recommended in the owner's manual before spinning on a new filter. Smear the rubber filter gasket in clean oil before tightening by hand. Nip it up half a turn with the filter wrench.

      Pour new oil. You can restart the bike after and check for leaks. After that, stop the engine for five minutes and check the level again.

      Discover in images how to replace your motorcycle oil filter:

    • To help you find the best brake fluid for your vehicle, you can have a look to the page in our online catalogue dedicated to our TOTAL HBF brake fluids : you’ll find our main brake fluid characteristics, benefits, homologations, technical data sheet and safety data sheet (MSDS)

      To help you find the best brake fluid for your vehicle, you can have a look to the page in our online catalogue dedicated to our TOTAL HBF brake fluids : you’ll find our main brake fluid characteristics, benefits, homologations, technical data sheet and safety data sheet (MSDS)

    • TOTAL Lubricants developed high mileage oils for Latin America and the US with 3 main benefits:

      - Chemically enhanced to revitalize seals and thus reduce leakage

      - Powerful additives for superior corrosion protection and engine longevity.

      - Special refined base oils that help guard against oil burn-off and break down

      TOTAL Lubricants developed high mileage oils for Latin America and the US with 3 main benefits:

      - Chemically enhanced to revitalize seals and thus reduce leakage

      - Powerful additives for superior corrosion protection and engine longevity.

      - Special refined base oils that help guard against oil burn-off and break down

    • TotalEnergies has developed 2 automatic transmission fluids (ATF) for Toyota vehicles:

      TotalEnergies has developed 2 automatic transmission fluids (ATF) for Toyota vehicles:

      - With Toyota Type WS approval : TOTAL FLUIDMATIC MV LV

       

      - With Toyota D-II / T / T-III / T-IV level : TOTAL FLUIDMATIC MV

    • TotalEnergies synthetic base oils are produced by isohydromerization. Isohydromerized base oils used by TotalEnergies are the fruit of continuous developments and fine tuning in TotalEnergies refining facilities and with external partners and are used to create tailor-made products for any end-user.

      Discover on the picture below to discover the proofs of the top quality of our oils:

      TotalEnergies synthetic base oils are produced by isohydromerization. Isohydromerized base oils used by TotalEnergies are the fruit of continuous developments and fine tuning in TotalEnergies refining facilities and with external partners and are used to create tailor-made products for any end-user.

      Discover on the picture below to discover the proofs of the top quality of our oils

       

    • Engine oil viscosity refers to how easily oil pours at a specified temperature. Thin oils have a water-like consistency and pour more easily at low temperatures than heavier, thicker oils that have a more honey-like consistency. Thin is good for easier cold weather starting and reducing friction, while thick is better for maintaining film strength and oil pressure at high temperatures and loads.

      Engine oil viscosity refers to how easily oil pours at a specified temperature. Thin oils have a water-like consistency and pour more easily at low temperatures than heavier, thicker oils that have a more honey-like consistency. Thin is good for easier cold weather starting and reducing friction, while thick is better for maintaining film strength and oil pressure at high temperatures and loads.

    • How is viscosity rated? The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) developed a scale for both engine (motor oil grades) and transmission oils.

      What are motor oil viscosity ratings?

      How is viscosity rated? The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) developed a scale for both engine (motor oil grades) and transmission oils.

      What are motor oil viscosity ratings?

       

      Viscosity is notated with the common "XW-XX." The number preceding the "W" rates the oil's flow at 0 degrees Fahrenheit (-17.8 degrees Celsius). The "W" stands for winter, not weight as many people think. The lower the number here, the less it thickens in the cold. So 5W-30 viscosity engine oil thickens less in the cold than a 10W-30, but more than a 0W-30. An engine in a colder climate, where motor oil tends to thicken because of lower temperatures, would benefit from 0W or 5W viscosity. A car in Death Valley would need a higher number to keep the oil from thinning out too much.

      The second number after the "W" indicates the oil's viscosity measured at 212 degrees Fahrenheit (100 degrees Celsius). This number represents the oil's resistance to thinning at high temperatures. For example, 10W-30 oil will thin out at higher temperatures faster than 10W-40 will.

      Monograde oils such as SAE 30, 40 or 50 are no longer used in latest automotive engines, but may be required for use in some vintage and antique engines. Straight SAE 30 oil is often specified for small air-cooled engines in lawnmowers, garden tractors, portable generators and gas-powered chain saws.

    • You probably wonder what is the importance of viscosity in your engine.

      The viscosity will determine how easily the oil is pumped to the working components, how easily it passes through the filter, and how quickly it drains back to the engine. The lower the viscosity, the easier all this will happen. That is why cold starts are so critical to an engine because the oil is cold, and so relatively thick.

      A fluid’s viscosity is important because it is directly related to its load-carrying capabilities. The greater a fluid’s viscosity, the greater the loads it can withstand. The viscosity of a fluid must be adequate to separate moving parts under normal operating conditions (temperature and speed).

      Knowing that a fluid’s viscosity is directly related to its ability to carry a load, one would think that the more viscous a fluid, the better it is. The fact is, the use of a high-viscosity fluid can be just as detrimental as using too light an oil.

      You probably wonder what is the importance of viscosity in your engine.

      The viscosity will determine how easily the oil is pumped to the working components, how easily it passes through the filter, and how quickly it drains back to the engine. The lower the viscosity, the easier all this will happen. That is why cold starts are so critical to an engine because the oil is cold, and so relatively thick.

      A fluid’s viscosity is important because it is directly related to its load-carrying capabilities. The greater a fluid’s viscosity, the greater the loads it can withstand. The viscosity of a fluid must be adequate to separate moving parts under normal operating conditions (temperature and speed).

      Knowing that a fluid’s viscosity is directly related to its ability to carry a load, one would think that the more viscous a fluid, the better it is. The fact is, the use of a high-viscosity fluid can be just as detrimental as using too light an oil.

    • It is the rate of change of viscosity between 2 temperatures. The lower the Viscosity Index, the more the drop in viscosity as the oil warms up. The higher the VI value, the less the drop in viscosity as the oil warms up. Generally speaking, the less it changes, across a range of temperatures, the better.

      The VI scale goes from 0 to 100, with 0 being the worst, and 100 being the best. New products are now better than when the scale was first made, so some new products have scores as high as 400.

      As oil heats up, its ability to provide effective lubrication diminishes. As this decreases, friction and heat increase, which can lead to mechanical failures. Therefore, the longer an oil can retain its optimum viscosity, the more effectively it will lubricate an engine and prevent damage. In this way, viscosity index can be a useful way of judging an oil's overall quality, and is an essential piece of information when selecting an oil for heavy-duty use involving wide variations in temperature.

      High or Low Viscosity Index ?

      A lubricant may merit having a high VI for one or more of the following reasons:

      - The optimum viscosity is not known

      - Varying loads and speeds exist

      - Varying ambient temperatures exist

      - To boost energy efficiency

      - To boost oil service life (lower average temperature)

      - To boost machine service life (fewer repairs and downtime)

      Cheaper, lower VI lubricants may make sense if

      - Speeds and loads are constant

      - Temperature is constant (constant ambient temperature or a heat exchanger is in use)

      - The optimum viscosity at the operating temperature is known and is consistently achieved

      An oil’s VI can also tell you useful information about a lubricant’s formulation, including the type and quality of base oils. For instance, highly refined and pure mineral oils will have correspondingly higher VIs. Certain additives, such as viscosity-index improvers and pour-point depressants, influence VI as well.

      It is the rate of change of viscosity between 2 temperatures. The lower the Viscosity Index, the more the drop in viscosity as the oil warms up. The higher the VI value, the less the drop in viscosity as the oil warms up. Generally speaking, the less it changes, across a range of temperatures, the better.

      The VI scale goes from 0 to 100, with 0 being the worst, and 100 being the best. New products are now better than when the scale was first made, so some new products have scores as high as 400.

      As oil heats up, its ability to provide effective lubrication diminishes. As this decreases, friction and heat increase, which can lead to mechanical failures. Therefore, the longer an oil can retain its optimum viscosity, the more effectively it will lubricate an engine and prevent damage. In this way, viscosity index can be a useful way of judging an oil's overall quality, and is an essential piece of information when selecting an oil for heavy-duty use involving wide variations in temperature.

      High or Low Viscosity Index ?

      A lubricant may merit having a high VI for one or more of the following reasons:

      - The optimum viscosity is not known

      - Varying loads and speeds exist

      - Varying ambient temperatures exist

      - To boost energy efficiency

      - To boost oil service life (lower average temperature)

      - To boost machine service life (fewer repairs and downtime)

      Cheaper, lower VI lubricants may make sense if

      - Speeds and loads are constant

      - Temperature is constant (constant ambient temperature or a heat exchanger is in use)

      - The optimum viscosity at the operating temperature is known and is consistently achieved

      An oil’s VI can also tell you useful information about a lubricant’s formulation, including the type and quality of base oils. For instance, highly refined and pure mineral oils will have correspondingly higher VIs. Certain additives, such as viscosity-index improvers and pour-point depressants, influence VI as well.

    • What oil do I use for my car? Your engine needs oil that is thin enough for cold starts, and thick enough when the engine is hot. Since oil gets thinner when heated, and thicker when cooled, most of us use what are called multi-grade, or multi-viscosity oils.

      What viscosity oil to use in modern cars?

      Today, multi-viscosity oils are used almost exclusively over monograde oils since they function best in changing climates. An SAE 30 motor oil, for example, is consistent with the viscosity of, say, a 5W-30 oil when both are at 210 degrees, but the latter offers better performance in the cold as well. Multi-viscosity oils also contain additives that keep the oil from thinning out as its heated.

      What kind of oil for my car if it’s a modern one?

      Most modern car engines use a 5W30 or 5W40 oil. Modern oils have a lower viscosity. This means they're thinner, helping the engine turn over more easily, and ensuring that the oil can circulate quickly around the engine soon after start up. Thinner oil helps fuel consumption too.

      What oil for my car if it’s an old one?

      Older cars do not run well with these oils, as they are not designed to such tight tolerances. Cars that are 10 years old or older were designed to work with 10W30 or 10W40 motor oil.

      What motor oil to use if it’s a high mileage car?

      High-mileage cars that have over 100,000 miles may even need a 20W50 oil.

      What oil do I use for my car? Your engine needs oil that is thin enough for cold starts, and thick enough when the engine is hot. Since oil gets thinner when heated, and thicker when cooled, most of us use what are called multi-grade, or multi-viscosity oils.

      What viscosity oil to use in modern cars?

      Today, multi-viscosity oils are used almost exclusively over monograde oils since they function best in changing climates. An SAE 30 motor oil, for example, is consistent with the viscosity of, say, a 5W-30 oil when both are at 210 degrees, but the latter offers better performance in the cold as well. Multi-viscosity oils also contain additives that keep the oil from thinning out as its heated.

      What kind of oil for my car if it’s a modern one?

      Most modern car engines use a 5W30 or 5W40 oil. Modern oils have a lower viscosity. This means they're thinner, helping the engine turn over more easily, and ensuring that the oil can circulate quickly around the engine soon after start up. Thinner oil helps fuel consumption too.

      What oil for my car if it’s an old one?

      Older cars do not run well with these oils, as they are not designed to such tight tolerances. Cars that are 10 years old or older were designed to work with 10W30 or 10W40 motor oil.

      What motor oil to use if it’s a high mileage car?

      High-mileage cars that have over 100,000 miles may even need a 20W50 oil.

    •  

      The term oil viscosity chart is not specifically linked to the lubricants business: we speak of viscosity chart to compare some liquids’ viscosity in each the 3 standard measurement units.(Centipoise cp, Centistokes cSt, Saybolt Second Universal (SSU) For example, when you order a liquid filling machine, you can use this viscosity chart to compare your liquid viscosity with one of these liquids to help your supplier understand your needs.

      Relating to oil, we rather use the following 2 terms:

      - Viscosity Converting Chart or viscosity conversion chart: it is a viscosity converting table between units like Centipoises, milliPascal, CentiStokes and SSU

      - Viscosity Comparison Chart :it gives the viscosity in Centipoises according to the type of oil (motor oil, gear oil,…)

      The term oil viscosity chart is not specifically linked to the lubricants business: we speak of viscosity chart to compare some liquids’ viscosity in each the 3 standard measurement units.(Centipoise cp, Centistokes cSt, Saybolt Second Universal (SSU) For example, when you order a liquid filling machine, you can use this viscosity chart to compare your liquid viscosity with one of these liquids to help your supplier understand your needs.

      Relating to oil, we rather use the following 2 terms:

      - Viscosity Converting Chart or viscosity conversion chart: it is a viscosity converting table between units like Centipoises, milliPascal, CentiStokes and SSU

      - Viscosity Comparison Chart :it gives the viscosity in Centipoises according to the type of oil (motor oil, gear oil,…)

    • Which recommended lubricant for my vehicle?

      Our Lube advisors help you to find the best oil for your model and brand of vehicle.

      You can have a look to our Lube advisors below for the following countries:

      Bulgaria

      Chile

      Denmark

      Finland

      France

      Germany

      Greece

      Morroco

      Netherlands

      Norway

      Poland

      Russia

      Sweden

      United Kingdom

       Otherwise, if you are looking for an engine oil guide, you can search for it in our online lubricants guide and catalog on http://catalog.lubricants.total.com/automotive

      You’ll be able to find the recommended motor oil, gear oil, axle oil, brake fluid… for many automotive applications: cars, scooters, motorcycles, trucks and buses, public works vehicles, leisure boats and agriculture equipment. You’ll be able to check all our oil specs and official homologations.

      Which recommended lubricant for my vehicle?

      Our Lube advisors help you to find the best oil for your model and brand of vehicle.

      You can have a look to our Lube advisors below for the following countries:

      Bulgaria

      Chile

      Denmark

      Finland

      France

      Germany

      Greece

      Morroco

      Netherlands

      Norway

      Poland

      Russia

      Sweden

      United Kingdom

       Otherwise, if you are looking for an engine oil guide, you can search for it in our online lubricants guide and catalog on http://catalog.lubricants.total.com/automotive

      You’ll be able to find the recommended motor oil, gear oil, axle oil, brake fluid… for many automotive applications: cars, scooters, motorcycles, trucks and buses, public works vehicles, leisure boats and agriculture equipment. You’ll be able to check all our oil specs and official homologations.

    • Our QUARTZ AUTO CARE centers and TOTAL ROC oil change garages are auto service / auto services centers dedicated to cars: you will be provided car services as full service oil change, auto care services (depending on the centers) as auto shop (purchase of lubricants), tire repair, car tint, car polish, car wash service, a place where to change car battery and sometimes even auto maintenance.

      Our mechanics which are professionally trained will be able as well to give you advice and answer to all our questions (Ex: where can I change my oil , when to change your car battery …) In our quick oil change centers in Asia, Africa Middle East and Latin America, you can even have your oil change on Sunday

      Definitely, QUARTZ AUTO CARE and TOTAL ROC centers are the best place to get oil change! Best oil change guaranteed!

      Looking for auto shops near me / oil changes near me?

      You can have a look to some examples of our best place to buy motor oil /quick oil change places near me

      Discover the places to get oil changes near me:

      Where can you have your oil changes for your motorcycle/scooter?

      Our TOTAL MOTOZONE centers are oil change shops dedicated for your motorcycle or scooters’ oil change and where we deliver as well other bike service. They are quick lube oil change centers we carefully select where you’ll have a very professional oil service and fast oil change.

      Discover more

      Our QUARTZ AUTO CARE centers and TOTAL ROC oil change garages are auto service / auto services centers dedicated to cars: you will be provided car services as full service oil change, auto care services (depending on the centers) as auto shop (purchase of lubricants), tire repair, car tint, car polish, car wash service, a place where to change car battery and sometimes even auto maintenance.

      Our mechanics which are professionally trained will be able as well to give you advice and answer to all our questions (Ex: where can I change my oil , when to change your car battery …) In our quick oil change centers in Asia, Africa Middle East and Latin America, you can even have your oil change on Sunday

      Definitely, QUARTZ AUTO CARE and TOTAL ROC centers are the best place to get oil change! Best oil change guaranteed!

      Looking for auto shops near me / oil changes near me?

      You can have a look to some examples of our best place to buy motor oil /quick oil change places near me

      Discover the places to get oil changes near me:

      Where can you have your oil changes for your motorcycle/scooter?

      Our TOTAL MOTOZONE centers are oil change shops dedicated for your motorcycle or scooters’ oil change and where we deliver as well other bike service. They are quick lube oil change centers we carefully select where you’ll have a very professional oil service and fast oil change.

      Discover more

    • Discover the locations of our distributors for the following countries below:

      Canada

      Netherlands

      Middle East

      Australia

      Haiti

      Chile

      Brazil

      Peru

      Russia

      Mexico

      For Latin America

      Discover the locations of our distributors for the following countries below:

      Canada

      Netherlands

      Middle East

      Australia

      Haiti

      Chile

      Brazil

      Peru

      Russia

      Mexico

      For Latin America

    • Industry lubricants and grease to be used in food transformation or packaging.

      "The concept of food grade lubricants or greases is directly related to protecting people's health and the economic consequences of doing so.
      White oils: traditional oils which have undergone an enhanced treatment to make them as compatible as possible with the requirements associated with public health.  They are extremely clear – hence the name ""white oils"" – and are approved by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.

      Accidental contact: the technical constraints required by modern technologies, as well as the constraints associated with public health requirements have resulted in the development of NSF-H1-registered lubricants for accidental food contact (the successor to the USDA-H1 standard). These are oils and greases that are not harmful to people's health if they accidentally come into contact with foodstuffs. ""Accidental"" means, for example, a leak that was not detected early enough to be stopped, or accidental splashes. 
      Food Processing Aids: For situations when there is direct contact with foodstuffs, vegetable oils derived mainly from rape or sunflower seeds are used. These are very useful when removing biscuits from their moulds, for example: there is no way of avoiding contact with food, and so the components have to be even more carefully selected. These oils are referred to as ""Food Processing Aids"".

      The food industry is gradually switching over to NSF-H-registered lubricants and vegetable oils.
      NSF International is a US organisation which is considered an authority in the profession and which serves as a world reference for registering (or not registering) products depending on their composition.

    • About level of biodegradability of lubricants or grease.

      The concept of biodegradability:

      The term "biodegradable" denotes a product's ability to be broken down by natural organisms (bacteria, algae, mushrooms) into non-hazardous products (water, CO2) that can then be recycled by nature itself. The term "bio" also refers to a product's very low eco-toxicity levels as far as living organisms are concerned (measured by tests on algae, fish and daphnia).  However, just because a product carries this label does not mean that it can be deliberately discharged into the environment. The term only guarantees that the negative effects on the environment will be kept to a minimum in the event of lost lubrication or accidental discharge.
      The level of a lubricant's biodegradability can be measured by standard and standardised tests. The benchmark test that various eco-labels have chosen is the OECD 301 B biodegradability test.

    • Is a biodegradable lubricant sinonymous of "no pollution"?

      No, biodegradable oils are used to reduce the impact on the environment. Any spillage of lubricant into the environment must be cleaned up as quickly as possible whether the oil is biodegradable or not. The use of biolubricants is currently the best alternative but does not legitimate irresponsible behaviour.

    • Definition of what is called ash and ashless oil? And the consequence of too high content.

      When talking about lubricants, ash refers to the metallic compounds remaining in the oil after the hydrocarbons have been calcinated. This ash is mainly derived from the chemicals used in anti-wear additives and detergents, as well as solids – including calcium, zinc and molybdenum.  But these chemicals, which are frequently used in engine oils and hydraulic fluids, also have a number of disadvantages. They can lead to the formation of deposits in humid environments or at very high temperatures and can result in high levels of eco-toxicity for the environment – particularly when heavy metals are used.
      Ashless industrial oils are therefore lubricants that are formulated without metallic additives, and which are mainly used for the following purposes:
      – circulation oil used in a humid environment
      – environmentally acceptable oil 
      – Food grade oil

      The definition is considerably different as far as engine oils are concerned: an "ashless" engine oil actually has a limited ash content (less than 0.01%). This is so as to prevent the pollution control systems from getting clogged up or poisoned.

    • Description of how run greases, in particular between metal parts.

      A grease is a semi-fluid product made up of a lubricating fluid, a thickening agent or soap and performance additives.

      Thickening agents are divided into soaps, gels and mechanical thickeners.

      How soaps work:

      As far as soaps are concerned, the most common representation is of a sponge which contain the elements (oils, liquid and / or solid additives) that lubricate the contact (ball on a track, meshing of gear teeth, etc.).
      In a roller bearing, for example, the rolling component, just like a steamroller, compresses the grease. This releases oil, preventing all metal-on-metal contact and facilitating the rolling. During the idle phase, the grease partly recovers its oil. For the same type of soap, a grease with more soap will have a tendency to release less of its oil. This phenomenon is more or less desired depending on the application (long service life), bearing in mind that if too little oil is released (the term used is "bleeding"), the contact will be improperly lubricated. It's a question of getting the balance right!
      Gradually, the steamroller – like a sponge that is subjected to a scissors action – shears or breaks the soap. The grease then loses its consistency, is no longer able to retain the oil as effectively and so escapes from the roller bearing. The parts then have to be re-greased.

    • Composition of a grease; main components.

      A grease is made up of the three following components:

      • thickening agent   5% to 20%
      • base oils    80% to 95%
      • additives  0% to 10%

      The thickening agent – be it a soap or something else – has a tremendous bearing on the grease's performance. 

    • Description of main advantages to use synthetic or mineral oils in industry.

      Unlike "mineral" oils which are manufactured by distilling crude oil and then subjecting it to special processing, "synthetic" oils are manufactured in the chemicals sectors by adding together identical molecules in order to obtain oils of varying levels of viscosity.
      The main synthetic oils are synthetic esters that are often used to create biodegradable lubricants, polyalphaolefins (whose chemical composition makes them very similar to mineral oils) and polyalkylene (glycols which have improved lubricating capacities).

      The main advantages of mineral oils – apart from the special benefits derived from their molecular composition (biodegradability for synthetic esters, for example) – include a better ability to withstand ageing (meaning a longer service life) and the fact that they can be used over wider temperature ranges, giving them more multigrade properties than traditional mineral oils.

    • Definition of biodegradable oil and its components.

      Biodegradability is defined as the ability of a molecule to be degraded biologically i.e. by the action of biological organisms.

      What is a biodegradable oil?

      Biodegradable oils are combinations of selected biodegradable bases (vegetable oils, rape, sunflower, synthetic esters) which are non-toxic, and special additives which give them their desired properties. Needless to say, the choice of base oil is fundamental and will determine the oil's performance and its service life.

    • About additivation of lubricants used in industry applications.

      A lubricant is made up of base oils which can be derived from minerals (from oil refining) or synthetic oils. Performance additives are required in order to give the lubricant certain performance levels.
      The most commonly used additives in industrial lubricants include antioxidants, extreme pressure additives, additives to improve the viscosity index, anti-wear additives, anti-rust additives, detergents, dispersants, anti-foaming additives, etc.

      This list is very far from being exhaustive – these are simply the most commonly used additives. Machines nowadays require more and more functions from a lubricant. This is why lubrication has become such a technical field where expertise can result in significant productivity gains.

    • Definition of what is called white oils and their uses in industry.

      White oils are highly refined mineral oils that are extremely pure, stable, colorless, odorless, non-toxic and chemically inert. These attributes make them perfect for any application that values these properties, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and chemical processing.

      The term “white oil” is a misnomer, in that they are not white at all, but crystal clear. White oils can be produced from a variety of feedstocks, depending on the process used. These starting materials include conventional base stocks for the older acid treatment process to Vacuum Gas Oils (VGO) for the more currently widely used two stage hydrotreating method. Both processes produce colorless, odorless, tasteless oils where all components that might have any detrimental effects on their end usage, such as aromatics, sulphur or other impurities, have essentially been removed, resulting in a pure and thermally stable product. 

      Thanks to these characteristics white oils are widely used in pharmaceutical and medicinal applications, cosmetics, and the plastic and food industries.

    • Description of the expected effects of lubricants.

      Role of lubricants:

      • reduce mechanical energy losses
      • reduce wear on parts that rub together
      • protect parts against corrosion
      • lower the operating temperatures of machines
      • increase watertightness
      • do away with the need to remove impurity and dirt deposits.

    • Way of playing its role for a lubricant applicated to chain.

      For it to be effective, a lubricant has to penetrate into the articulation and work in the places where there is friction. It therefore has to be applied:

      • on the inside-facing sides of the chain strands. Otherwise, the centrifugal force would prevent it reaching the surfaces that rub together;
      • on the slack strands, near where the drive pinion disengages so as to take advantage of the loosening of the articulations in order to reform the oil film which had been partly driven away by the forces exerted on the taut strand, as well as by centrifugal force (there can be additional lubrication points where the drive and driven opinions engage);
      • on the interior plates, such that the lubricant works its way between the interior and exterior plates to feed the axle / socket articulations, as well as between the interior plates and the rollers to feed the socket / roller surfaces.

      The significant role played by centrifugal force is therefore understood, together with the overall kinetic energy of movement in lubricating articulations: the term used is "lost lubrication". When a chain is correctly lubricated, a film of oil remains in the articulations (mixed lubrication) when movement starts, thus reducing contact between metal surfaces.

    • Various hydraulic oils are present on the market; about  to select the adapted one.

      Hydraulic fluids are used in all industries, agricultural, mining and public works machinery, and represent over 10% of the world’s lubricant needs. Often considered as commodity oils, we forget that they are high-performance products, without which a machine cannot function.
      There exists a large variety of hydraulic fluids, which have different properties in order to meet the requirements of the various applications of the industrial users.
      There are some hydraulic fluids offering high-performance products which have numerous properties, the fruit of a quality formulation.

      • Their properties are partly provided by the intrinsic quality of the base oils (deaeration, filterability, viscosity index), hence the importance of the selection of the raw materials.
      • A quality additivation is necessary to guarantee good performance of the fluid over time.
      • The increasing temperature and pressure constraints mean that increasingly higher performance fluids are proposed.

    • Criterias for hydraulic oils selection in specific environments.

      For certain specific applications, the hydraulic oil must have certain additional properties.

      • Low flammability

      In order to limit the risk of fire, certain applications (steelworks, mines, etc.) require the use of fire resistant fluids.

      • Suitability for incidental food contact

      For the food and pharmaceutical industries, oils “suitable for incidental food contact” may be required.

      • Biodegradability

      For applications in which the oil may be in contact with the environment, biodegradable lubricants can be proposed, in order to limit the impact on the environment.

    • Right profile of hydraulic oil to be performant for what it's used.

      The main function of the fluid in a hydraulic system is to transmit a force applied at one point to another point. The effort must be transferable quickly and with precision.
      All quality hydraulic fluids must be capable of fulfilling the following functions:

      • Transmit power: transfer of a kinetic or potential energy (movement or pressure)
      • Lubricate and protect: protection against wear on surfaces in contact

      In order to best fulfil these functions, a hydraulic fluid must have a certain number of properties, right viscosimetry, shear stability, fluid behaviour.

    • Biodegradable lubricants advantages compared to mineral ones. 

      And what is their performance like?

      Because of the natural properties of esters and the specific additives developed for these oils, biodegradable lubricants surpass mineral oils when it comes to viscosity/temperature behaviour, total shear strength and anti-wear properties. Under the right operating conditions, using biodegradable oils can therefore lead to a significant increase in intervals between oil changes compared with standard mineral oils.

    • Importance of homologations by OEM for use of oils.

      As a general rule, a gearbox lubricant meets the requirements of an international standard, such as ISO or DIN (For example, ISO CKC or CKD). A manufacturer references or approves a lubricant in relation to these international standards, but also on the basis of its own criteria, such as compatibility with the paints that they use or the seals. From a mechanical perspective, the risks are practically zero if the product is in compliance with the international standard in question, and the standard required by the gearbox manufacturer. The need for a product to be referenced or approved is mainly to do with security issues during the warranty period for the manufacturer. 

    • About the origin of foaming for water based coolant bath.

      The higher the concentration the higher the quantity of surfactants. The surfactants will stabilize the foam.
      The lower the hardness the lower the quantity of ions which react with surfactants.

    • Description of the four-ball test, the  way to evaluate the performance of lubrication fluid.

      The usual method for characterising a lubricant's "Extreme pressure" properties is to carry out a four-ball test (described by the ISO 20623 standard).
      Procedure:

      • three balls are firmly held together in a basin
      • a fourth ball, on a mandrel mounted onto the vertical driveshaft of an electric motor, applies a variable charge onto the three others
      • the charge at which the weld between the 4 balls occurs is measured.

      There are other tests for measuring extreme pressure performance, such as the FZG tests, for example.

    • Hierarchy of the different oils on their efficiency level.

      Although new synthetic PAO oil technologies result in very high viscosity indexes, it is still the case that polyglycol based oils have better sliding performance and so result in superior mechanical efficiency – sometimes as much as 10% more than PAO, mineral and ester technologies.

    • Influence of ash forming or ashless  oil and their compatibility.

      The alternatives to ash forming oils:
      Formulating ashless oils involves selecting additives that contain no metal compounds. The challenge for ashless oils is therefore to provide a level of performance that is appropriate for whatever it is they are being used for, but without all the disadvantages of ash forming oils.
      Preference is given to ashless oils in the following cases:

      • Circulation oil used in a humid environment (paper machine, machine tool, rolling mill) 
      • Biodegradable oil
      • Food grade oil

      Compatibility between ashless oil and ash forming oil
      Two lubricants can be incompatible because of the base oils that they use, as well as because of their additive types.
      Several laboratory compatibility tests between ashless mineral oils and ash forming mineral oils have resulted in the formation of deposits. This would suggest that the two additives are often incompatible.
      Consequently, should there be any doubt about the compatibility of an ash forming oil with an ashless oil, a specific laboratory test will need to be carried out.

    • Definition of Corrosion.

      Corrosion is the result of chemical reactions between metallic materials and their environment.

    • Definition of Rust preventive.

      A rust preventive is used to isolate the metal from its environment (water, oxygen) thanks to a protection film.

    • Definition of Water hardness and consequences.

      The hardness of a water supply is determined by the content of calcium and magnesium salts. Calcium and magnesium can combine with bicarbonates and chlorides for instance to precipitate as solids mineral salts which make water more corrosion aggressive on many materials.

    • Key points for the  selection of an efficient lubricant for gearbox.

      Many considerations have to be factored in when selecting a gearbox lubricant:

      • Gearbox type: dimensions, the metal from which the teeth are made, sliding properties and gear ratio, open or closed casing, etc.
      • Operating conditions: depending on the load, vibration and shock levels, anti-wear and extreme pressure properties determine the choice of lubricant.
      • Service oil temperature: very low, moderate of between +20°C and +80°C, hot at more than +80°C and extreme at in excess of +120°C.
      • Possible effects that the gearbox's environment might have on the lubricant: some oils have enhanced anti-corrosion properties to maintain the length of the fluid's service life in the event of exposure to humidity, dust or other elements.
      • Possible effects that the lubricant might have on the gearbox's environment in the event of a leak: biodegradability, food-grade or non-staining properties may be required.
      • Maintenance conditions: a synthetic fluid that can allow long intervals between oil changes and which guarantees high levels of operational safety can result in significant maintenance cost savings. 

    • Main reasons to use a specific oil in the process of producing and coning of  textile yarns.

      The textile industry is one of the largest industries worldwide and there are multiple production steps for the manufacture of textile goods. For productivity reasons, such steps have to be done at the maximum speed which is regularly increased through the evolution of techniques and machinery. However higher speeds mean higher constraints and yarns have to be protected. Depending on their final field of application, textile products also have to fulfil specific requirements from raw materials to finished goods.
      Textile lubricants are therefore needed to protect the processed materials while coping with the inner requirements of their end-uses and industries. 

    • Criteria to evaluate for selecting a adapted coning oil in yarn transformation industry.

      Coning oils are applied on yarns at the very end of coning, winding and texturizing processes. Needed for the following manufacturing steps, they are often offered as an added-value to the yarn. This implies that they have to ensure several benefits:

      1/ Performance (regular pick-up for smooth and easy unwinding, good filament cohesion and lubrication to limit breakages and easier weaving/knitting, no oil splashing nor misting to protect machines and operators)

      2/ Compatibility (adapted chemistry to cover different raw materials, no damage caused to plastic parts and machine components, self-emulsify ability for easy removal using standard washing processes)

      3/ Compliance (free from alkylphenol ethoxylates and other SVHC of REACH regulations, compliance with specific textile standards such as Oekotex standard 100 to protect people as well as the environment, ultimately biodegradable solutions for better sustainability).

    • Characteristics of a performant  lubricant for chains.

      Lubricants for chains need to have the following properties:

      • an appropriate level of viscosity so that it can reach the interior surfaces that need to be lubricated,
      • enough lubricity to maintain a lubricant film at high loads,
      • sufficient adhesion so that the greases stay on the chain,
      • good anticorrosion properties at all temperatures,
      • in some cases, the ability to withstand variations in temperature without deposits forming when the lubricant breaks down.

      Meeting all chain lubrication requirements with a single product is not a completely realistic target. A lubricating formula is first and foremost a subtle compromise of varying types of performance – some of which can sometimes be contradictory.

    • About heat transfer fluids and their classification in ISO 6743-12 standard.

      In a heat exchanger, heat moves from the heat source into the moving fluid through a thin film of fluid.
      If the temperature of this fluid film exceeds the maximum recommended film temperature, the chemical bonds holding the molecules together start to break apart, the fluid will degrade, and the fluid life might be shortened.
      In the circuits, thermal cracking will cause deposits formation, pump cavitation and loss of heating capacity.

      The ISO 6743-12 standard establishes the detailed classification of family Q (heat transfer fluids). 
      Temperatures indicated in the table are those of the bulk fluid, measure in the discharge line from the heater. Film oil temperatures may reach higher values.

    • About the three mains technologies of forming oils used in metalworking industry.

      There are 3 main technologies of forming oils depending on the base oil. 

      • Neat/straight oils are like standard oils with a viscosity higher than 5cSt at 40°C. They are used for the easiest operations.
      • Vanishing /evanescent oils are formulated with volatile solvents that evaporate during the operation only leaving the additives behind to do the job. The surface is then easier to degrease. With some products it is even possible not to degrease and move directly to post treatments. These products have a viscosity under 5cSt and a low flash point (<150°C).They are used for the easiest operations. 
      • The third technology covers water-based products. The oil is diluted from 5% to 30% in water to enhance cooling properties. This is interesting for high-speed operations.

    • Specificity for a lubricant when used for refregerating a compressor with ammonia.

       specificity of a lubricant for refrigerating a compressor is that it permanently contains a small quantity of refrigerant. The lubrication must thus be good in the presence of this small quantity of refrigerant. In the case of ammonia, there is a total immiscibility between the lubricant and the refrigerant; it is thus enough for the lubricant to have a pour point lower than the temperature of the evaporator to make sure of its proper return to the compressor. 

      Moreover, the lubricant is pulled in small quantities by the refrigerant and goes through the refrigerating installation. Therefore, it must first endure a long exposure to the pressure and temperature and so must have a good thermal stability in the presence of ammonia (it is necessary to avoid the formation of black sludge).

    • Wind turbines need specific lubrication due to numerous internal contraints and their surrounding conditions of usage.

      Because of the difficulties to do with altitude and the maintenance costs associated with wind turbines, oils should be used the properties of which have been approved on current gearboxes. Because of the limited service lives of mineral oils, synthetic technologies based on PAOs have been developed. It is preferable to use products that have been specifically developed and approved for these performance levels – one property that is required in particular is protection against micro-pitting.
      A synthetic PAO oil has the following specific advantages:

      • longer intervals between oil changes: up to 5 years,
      • excellent performance at very low temperatures,
      • miscibility with mineral oil.

      A new-generation mineral oil has the following specific advantages:

      • longer intervals between oil changes: up to 3 years,
      • excellent protection against corrosion, even in standardised tests in the presence of seawater and acidic water.

      Regular monitoring is important by carrying out an oil bath analysis every 6 months ("ANAC Classic” service)

    • Choice between lubricant and grease for a performant lubrication of chains.

      It is known that the service life of a conveyor or transmission chain depends on it being properly lubricated. More specifically, the lubricant should insert itself as a thin film between metallic surfaces that come into contact with one another in the chains, and the surfaces between the axles and the sockets, and the surfaces between the plates.
      To be able to do this, the lubricant has to be fluid enough to penetrate into the articulations and between the plates, and has to have a high wetting ability: preference should be given to a lubricating oil the viscosity of which varies depending on how it is applied (for example, manually, using a drip system, etc.). 
      However, in some cases and / or for some applications, the manufacturer will prescribe the use of greases.
      Most of the time, chains operating in a humid atmosphere and / or humid environment (when the manufacturing process involves their total or partial immersion) will need to be lubricated (for example: steriliser in a cannery).

      In this case, the chains will be designed to be lubricated using greases - there will be grease channels in the axles so that the surfaces between the axle and the socket can be lubricated - or they will be larger so that surfaces that come into contact with one another can be lubricated using a greased pump. 

    • Mix between hydraulic and neat cutting oils and splitting.

      No. Hydraulic and neat cutting oils are miscible and we can't split them. However the best neat cutting oils are formulated in order to be efficient even with a high level of tramp oil.

    • Requested roles of quality hydraulic oils.

      All quality hydraulic fluids must be capable of fulfilling the following functions:

      • Transmit power: transfer of a kinetic or potential energy (movement or pressure)
      • Lubricate and protect: protection against wear on surfaces in contact

      In order to best fulfil these functions, a hydraulic fluid must have a certain number of properties, summarised below:

      • right viscosity and little variation in viscosity in relation to temperature
      • low compressibility (rapid deaeration and low foaming)

      The viscosity grade has to be chosen depending on the in-service temperature. Actually, the in-service lubricant has to maintain a viscosity higher than 10-15 cts in order to lubricate the pump. OEM’s recommendations have to be followed.

    • Criterias for hydraulic oils selection in specific environments.

      For certain specific applications, the hydraulic oil must have certain additional properties.

      • Low flammability

      In order to limit the risk of fire, certain applications (steelworks, mines, etc.) require the use of fire resistant fluids.

      • Suitability for incidental food contact

      For the food and pharmaceutical industries, oils “suitable for incidental food contact” may be required.

      • Biodegradability

      For applications in which the oil may be in contact with the environment, biodegradable lubricants can be proposed, in order to limit the impact on the environment.

    • Viscosity of hydraulic oil is one of the main required property.

      Viscosimetric properties

      • The right viscosity

      Hydraulic equipment functions in a defined viscosity range. It is therefore important to supply a hydraulic oil of the right viscosity in order to guarantee optimum functioning of the installation.
      Insufficient viscosity leads to breakdowns in the oil film and therefore wear on the moving parts. In addition, losses are increased.
      On the other hand, an excessive viscosity has a negative impact on efficiency, heat exchanges and may lead to cavitation phenomena in pumps.
      Note: the impact of pressure on viscosity should not be forgotten (viscosity increases with pressure).

      • High viscosity index - for applications over a wide temperature range

      For use in varying climatic conditions, it is important to guarantee the right viscosity over the whole temperature range, hence the importance of the viscosity index for these applications.
      The higher the viscosity index, the lower the variation in viscosity in relation to temperature. A high viscosity index enables proper functioning over a much wider temperature range.

    • Viscosity Index Improver, air and water impacts on hydraulic oil properties.

      Shear stability

      Addition of a viscosity index improver (VII) enables a widening of the functioning ranges of hydraulic fluids. However, there is a large number of VIIs which have quite different shear stabilities.
      Indeed, VIIs are polymers (long carbon chains) which may be cut into smaller chains when subjected to shear. In this case, the viscosity index is reduced and the operating viscosity may no longer be suitable for the operation.
      In order to guarantee optimum functioning of the installation over time, it is necessary to resort to shear stable lubricants.

      Fluid behaviour when subjected to air and water:

      Air and water are pollutants for a hydraulic fluid. Their presence makes the fluid compressible, which leads to reduced precision in the transmission of the force and/or movement. In addition, they may cause breakdowns in the oil film and reduce the duty life of the operating oil. The properties enabling separation of the oil with these pollutants are therefore very important: foaming and air release properties regarding the air, and demulsibility regarding water.

    • The different families of gearbox oils and miscibility.

      There are four main families of gearbox oils:

      • Mineral oils 
      • Poly-alpha-olefins (PAOs)
      • Esters 
      • Polyglycols, also referred to as Poly Alkylene Glycols (PG or PAG)

      Mineral oils, PAOs and esters may all be mixed together.
      Only polyglycol type synthetic oils (PG or PAG) may not be mixed with the other lubricant types.  They can react together and form gum gels in the casings. Furthermore, they can sometimes be incompatible and immiscible with other polyglycols.  

    • Definition of processing aid used in oil for food industry.

      A processing aid is a substance used in the food manufacturing or transformation process in order to allow, facilitate or optimize a stage.
      Unlike food additives, processing aids can be found in the final product (usually in smaller quantities compared to additives) as their elimination is considered to be technically impossible.
      Processing aids are not classified as ingredients so it is not mandatory to indicate them within the list of ingredients of a foodstuff unless it is an allergen or derived from an allergen for which labeling is mandatory.

    • Segmentation of insulating oils depending to standards.

      The specifications required in terms of the physical-chemical properties of insulating oils are summarised in the international specifications. The most frequently used specifications are IEC 60296 and ASTM D3487, which are applicable to naphthenic or paraffinic mineral oils.

      The IEC 60296 specification divides insulating oils for transformers into three categories, based on the levels of antioxidants (also referred to as inhibitors) contained in the oil.

      • "Non-inhibited" category (U): antioxidant content = 0%
      • "Slightly inhibited" category (T): antioxidant content < 0.08%
      • “Inhibited" category (I): antioxidant content < 0.4%

      The ASTM D3487 specification divides insulating oils for transformers into two categories, based on the levels of antioxidants contained in the oil. 

      • Type I: antioxidant content < 0.08%
      • Type II: antioxidant content < 0.3%

      Other standards exist which apply to ester-based products:

      • IEC 61099: Specifications pertaining to new synthetic organic esters for use with electrical equipment
      • IEC 62270: Fluids for electrotechnical applications – new natural esters for transformers and similar electrical equipment

    • Choice between mineral and synthetic lubricant for lubrication of gearbox.

      In normal operating conditions, mineral oils perform very well, providing perfect lubrication at oil bath temperatures of up to 80°C in continuous operation. Synthetic oils can be used with machinery that operates at higher temperatures of up to 120°C or 130°C. However, in operating conditions that reach a maximum of around 80°C, a synthetic lubricant will oxidise less quickly than a mineral oil and will double or even triple the oil bath's service life.

    • Advantages of PAG oils  for lubrication of hypercompressors, compared to thickened white oils.

      PAG oils have better pumpability performances and are thus most appropriate in particular for tubular LDPE/EVA manufacturing where the compressor can reach up to 3000 bar. 
      PAG oils ensure better anti-wear performances thus resulting in a very good lubricity: this is very important in order to guarantee extended packing lifetime and to ensure the right film thickness on the plunger. PAG oils are insoluble in hydrocarbons which makes them more resistant to the gas (ethylene but also vinyl acetate monomer) washout, resulting in a lower overall consumption. 
      In particular for EVA manufacturing, PAG oils have been designed to have very good anti-corrosion properties which protect the mechanical parts from the polymerisation's acidic by-products.

    • Recommendation in case of oxidation in a heat transfer fluid.

      Fluid oxidation:
      The oxidation of a heat transfer fluid can considerably shorten its life expectancy; the reaction requires air and temperature to take place so these two factors need to be adjusted to minimize their effects. The place where fluid can come into contact with air is the expansion tank. Working on this equipment to limit any contact between air and heating oil must be considered.
      We recommend installing the following devices:

      • Put the expansion tank under a nitrogen blanket or place a floating lid on the surface of the oil.
      • Maintain the oil temperature below 55°C/60°C; this can be done by cooling the pipe connecting the expansion tank to the remainder of the circuit.
      • The expansion tank must be in a ventilated place whenever possible.

    • Parameters to follow for selecting a hydraulic oil.

      The choice of a hydraulic lubricant should take into account the following parameters:

      • OEM requirement
      • Appropriate viscosity
      • Antiwear properties (FzG level)
      • In service fluid behaviour: shear stability, foaming properties, demulsibility

    • Presence of pitting on materials as a sign of deterioration.

      Micro-pitting is a deterioration of metal as a result of fatigue. It can occur on gears. It can occur on steels the surfaces of which are harder than the cores. Very small pitting appears on the surface, making metallic surfaces appear grey in colour. The surface pitting worsens, becoming micro cracks. These defects can quickly lead to deeper flaking.
      A specially formulated lubricant can prevent such defects from appearing.

    • Origine of stain in forming operations.

      There are different kinds of staining. In forming operations, three main causes can be found: corrosion, annealing and compatibility between the oil and the metal. 

    • Solution in case of staining when annealing a metal part.

      At high temperature some additives can degredate on the metal surface into dark colored stains. To avoid this they should be removed prior to annealing with a degreasing solution. Also, switching to a product with annealing compatible additives can reduce degreasing stages.

    • Impact of acidity for quenching oils.

      A high acidity level means a high content of carboxylic acids. These acids may change the cooling power of a quenching oil either by forming precipitates with the additives present in the quenching oil (decreased cooling power) or - as polar molecules - by increasing the wettability of the oil (increased cooling power). Moreover they are also responsible for staining.

    • Gas engine oils and ranking linked with different ash levels.

      Two key parameters define an oil for stationary gas engines:

      • The TBN: Total Base Number (mg KOH/g):

      It neutralises the acid products of combustion and reduces oxidation of the oil which encourages corrosion and deposits in engines. 

      • Ash content (% by mass):

      This varies in line with the TBN and reflects the quantity of calcium, zinc and other compounds originating from oil additives.
      It should be noted that a minimum ash content is required to provide good protection against engine wear, but that an excess gives rise to spark plug fouling and creates deposits in the combustion chamber which encourages the risk of knocking.

      Four types of oils are therefore defined:

      • Ashless oils: ash content < 0.01%m

      The closer an oil gets to this property, the cleaner the engine will be, but the risk of wear will be high, and oil changes will be frequent.

      • Low ash oils: ash content < 0.5%m
      • Medium ash oils: ash content < 1%m
      • High ash oils: ash content > 1%m

      The closer an oil gets to this property, the longer the drain interval will be, but the risk of deposits and fouling is high.

    • Consequences and risks due to water in quenching oils.

      First of all, 18 ml of liquid water corresponds to 22.4 liters of gas. This means that the water will expand by a factor of 1,000 during the vaporisation caused by the quenching process. Thus water will lead to a risk of oil projection and fire risks. The water will also prolong the vapor blanket phase that may cause staining and/or change the cooling power of the oil and then the final characteristics of the steel. Moreover, water increases the oil oxidation through the contribution of oxygen.

    • Volativity of oil and incidence on creation of mist;  neat cutting oil.

      Mist phenomena is due to the most volatile molecule of the oil. Some neat cutting oils contain antimist additives. Over time these additives can be removed by the filtration system and mist may grow. There are two alternatives to reduce this: using a higher viscosity and/or using a neat cutting oil with a less volatile oil like biosourced base oil or hydrocracked base oil.

    • Role of a performant chain oil and its advantages.

      A chain's service life depends mainly on its lubrication system. In fact, a study has shown that 60% of chain defects can be attributed to insufficient or inadequate lubrication. Lubrication flaws are behind many different forms of wear (adhesive wear, abrasive wear, wear caused by small amounts of play between surfaces, corrosive wear, etc.). Wear on an axle / socket can lead to the chain being lengthened, while wear on the roller will affect the play between the socket and the roller.

      Throughout the drivetrain’s service life, the lubricant used has several roles to play:
      – it forms a film between surfaces that rub together (axle/sockets, sockets/rollers and rollers/teeth), as well as between internal plates and external plates, rollers and the teeth. This is so as to prevent (as far as possible) metal parts coming into direct contact with other metal parts, irrespective of operating conditions (load, temperature, etc.);
      – it ensures that the lubricant film remains elastic so as to cushion the meshing jolts between axles and sockets and between sockets and rollers, as well as reducing noise;
      – it has to be present in sufficient quantities in the drivetrain's moving parts and it has to have appropriate physical-chemical properties to be able to remain in these articulations (Extreme-Pressure);
      – it has to protect the drivetrain against stresses from the ambient environment. In particular, it has to protect it against oxidation and corrosion;
      – it has to evacuate heat energy generated by friction for high-speed transmissions in particular.

      If all of these conditions are met, the lubricant can help reduce the friction coefficient and so save energy. This reduces wear on the drivetrain and so helps ensure that the transmission system operates properly.

    • Priority to PAO oils for economical reason in wind turbine gearboxes maintenance.

      The cost of maintenance operations on wind farms is a fundamental factor. The longer the life of the gearbox's oil bath, the fewer the number of oil changes needed, and so the lower the maintenance costs will be. The lubricant has to lubricate the equipment, keeping wear to a minimum over the longest period of time possible. Synthetic oils are the most suitable and it is acknowledged that – for reasons to do with compatibility between products, so in order to reduce the risks associated with mixes – oils formulated using PAO bases are the most suitable, even though they are not the best performing in terms of mechanical efficiency. 

    • Safety and use of lubricants in ATEX zone in industry.

      Some industries, by their nature, are subject to a particularly high risk of explosion.
      For combustion to occur, the following three elements are required:
      – fuel in a finely dispersed form (vapour, gas, powder, fog, etc.). Oil can only play this role when it is used at temperatures that are higher than its flashpoint. This is only the case in heat transfer circuits. These should have their own specific risk analysis carried out on them.
      – an oxidant, usually the oxygen in the air
      – an ignition source to provide the minimum ignition energy
      In industry, the oxidant is usually the oxygen in the air and the fuel is usually the one used in the manufacturing process: gas, steam, dust, etc. The purpose of the standards pertaining to equipment for use in ATEX zones is to prevent an ignition source from being brought into them by using equipment that has been specially protected in these zones. 
      Although there are no oils that have been specifically formulated for use in ATEX zones, oils play a particularly important role in insulating certain pieces of equipment, such as electrical transformers or electric motors submersed in oil. It should be ascertained in such cases that the lubricant's breakdown voltage is suitable. For oil circulation systems used in ATEX zones, electrostatic discharges should be avoided if the oil used has low conductivity. 

    • About characteristics of lubricants for food industry with biodegradability performances.

      Food contact and biodegradability are two completely different concepts. 
      A product's biodegradability is the speed at which it can be broken down by microorganisms in the natural environment. This is a property that is requested when there is a significant risk of leakage, or when the machine using the product operates in the natural environment – such as machines used for public works, for skidding in the forest, etc.  The lubricant can be broken down by the ambient environment before it reaches the water tables, for example.
      A lubricant needs to be NSF H1-registered (a food grade lubricant) when it is used on machinery that operates in the food industry. In the event of very quantities leaking into food, such lubricants do not present any toxicity risk to humans should they be ingested. They will remain in the digestive tract and will be passed through and out of the body naturally. 

    • Benefits of using biodegradable lubricants or greases in industry.

      Key advantages of biolubricants:

      • high level of biodegradability
      • lower toxicity 
      • good lubricating properties 
      • high viscosity index 
      • high flash point
      • increased security for users
      • longer equipment life 
      • reduction in oil losses through evaporation
      • reduced risk of environmental pollution

    • Storage of oil. Good practice for insuring safety and  keeping as long as possible the quality of the received lubricants and grease before to use it.

      How lubricants are stored is very important – it's what determines their levels of cleanliness and their initial performance.  In storage, lubricants should be:
      – Protected: sheltered, in a closed and ventilated area; failing that, the packaging should at least be covered and protected from the elements. In order to avoid accidental pollution, oil drums should be stored horizontally, bungs should be on their sides. Air breathers / dryers fitted to the drums and tanks protect the oil against humidity more effectively.
      – Environmentally friendly. Packaging should be placed on holding tanks the volumes of which have been determined in compliance with current local regulations. 
      – Properly identified: the names of the products stored should be clearly visible in order to prevent handling errors. Information about the dates on which delivery was taken of the lubricants and the application of the FIFO (First in First out) rule will ensure that the lubricants in storage do not expire. Special oils (biodegradable, food-grade oils, metalworking oils, etc.) must be stored in special, clearly identified areas.  
      – Efficient: the types of packaging and the quantities of products stored should be selected on the basis of usage and the available logistics resources
      – Functional: there should be enough equipment for distributing the lubricants (jugs and grease pumps) such that products are not mixed. There should be filtration systems to remove any pollution from the oil before top-ups or fills. 

    • Advantage of being able to quantify and mesure the particluates present in a lubricant sample and standards to follow for relevant anlysis.

      Counting particles reveals how many solid contaminants there are in the oil sample analysed and how big they are.
      Counting particles provides essential information for monitoring: 

      • The cleanliness levels of fluids used in circuits that require products that are completely free of solid pollutants.
      •  And / or the efficiency of the filtration system.

      Various standards are used for checking articulations:
      - ISO 3722: For approving and checking container cleaning methods.
      - ISO 4021: Describes the various procedures for extracting samples from a system in operation.
      - ISO 4405: Describes the method used for determining the total mass of pollutants obtained by filtration.
      - ISO 4406: Defines a method for coding pollution levels.
      - ISO 4407: Describes the method used to determine the level of particulate pollution by counting the particles under an electronic microscope.
      - ISO 11500: Describes the method used to determine particulate pollution using an automatic particle counter that works according to the light-extinction principle.
      - NAS 1638: Defines a method for coding pollution levels  (a different method to the one described in ISO 4406)
      - SAE AS4059E:  Equivalent to NAS 1638, developed as its successor.

      It is noted that the most frequently referenced standards (ISO 4406 and NAS 1638) only relate to the format in which the results are expressed, not the methods used to take samples or perform analyses.

    • Main parameters of a gas engine to monitor through lubricant analysis.

      A frequent monitoring of a gas engine oil is essential to determine drain interval and to protect the engine. The main parameters that are monitored are the following : 

      ● TBN: Total Base Number (mg KOH/g)
      It represents the reserve of alkalinity of the oil. This reserve is consumed as it neutralizes the acids formed during combustion.
      Manufacturers generally consider that TBN should remain higher than 50% of the initial value.

      ● AN: Acid Number (mg KOH/g)
      Its increase is the result of the ageing of the oil.
      Manufacturers generally consider that the AN should remain below the initial value of the fresh oil + 2.5 mgKOH/g.

      ● Viscosity (mm²/s)
      Oil thickening can be the result of an abnormal temperature rise, or of an advanced state of oxidation of the oil. Viscosity drop can be caused by fuel dilution (for dual-fuel engines).
      SAE 40 limits are applied.

      ● IR oxi meas (A/cm)
      Measurement of gross oil oxidation value by infrared spectrum analysis.

      ● IR oxi net (A/cm)
      Calculation of real oil oxidation value, by comparison between fresh oil initial oxidation and gross oil oxidation values.

      ● IR nitr net (A/cm)
      Calculation of real oil nitration value, by comparison between fresh oil initial nitration and gross oil nitration values.

      ● ipH: pH initial
      It is a pH measurement adapted to non-aqueous fluids.

    • Maintening industrial machinery must be realized with strict procedures; taking samples of the lubricating fluid is one of the most important procedure to follow.

      First of all, the sample taken needs to be representative of the oil load to be analysed and / or has to provide the most reliable possible analysis of the state of the lubricated component: the location of the sample taken is therefore of key importance and should always be the same depending on the type of information required.
      The sample must always be taken in accordance with a predefined procedure. This procedure must be rigorously and strictly applied for each sample taken so as to maximise the reliability of the analysis and ensure that it is consistent with all previous analyses for the same given machine.
      The equipment used to take the sample and the containers into which the oil for analysis will be collected must all be completely clean so as to minimise the risk of errors in the analysis.
      Each container containing an oil sample for analysis must be correctly labelled and should include all the information needed for an accurate analysis. This will ensure a reliable analysis history and is vital for tracking changes in operating conditions and levels of wear on the machine in question. 

    • Storage of oil. Management of stocks for the right level of the right quality of lubricant or grease.

      The method of lubricant storage (bulk, container, drum, can) must be determined according to the volumes stored, the consumption of lubricants, supplier delivery deadlines but also maintenance habits. Making the right choice of containers allows you to avoid having too large stocks that lead to capital costs and increase the risk of exceeding the expiry date for using the products. An adapted storage method also limits the risk of pollution and degradation of the product during its storage time.

    • Good practice for insuring the highest quality level of a mix water/cutting oil in metalworking industry.

      When water is mixed with oil very quickly, this unstable mix separates into 2 phases, with water on one side and oil on the other.  An emulsifying agent is therefore required to bind these two water and oil phases into a stable mix.

      The resulting mix's equilibrium depends on the emulsifying agents being suitably arranged, linking the water and oil molecules together. Whether or not a good balance is achieved is determined when the two liquids are mixed together. Care should therefore be taken and the oil should be poured gradually into the water. The emulsion will remain stable if the oil molecules are dispersed into the water and not the other way round – which would result in something similar to mayonnaise (water molecules dispersed in water).

    • Good practice to apply when food grade lubricant is needed especialy when changing oil.

      A foodgrade lubricant may be selected for a number of reasons: a desire to minimise risk as much as possible for the end client, the desire to meet the requirements of a critical control point approach (e.g.: HACCP) or of a standard (e.g.: ISO 22000) or regulation.
      Whatever the reason for this choice, the machine's overall oil feed must be deemed permissible for accidental contact with foodstuffs. 
      The permissible level for contamination as far as an NSF H1-registered product is concerned is 10ppm – i.e., 10 g per production tonne.  By extension, for a product that is not appropriate for accidental contact with foodstuffs, the permissible residual content is zero: 0 ppm. This also applies to products that are registered as NSF H2. 
      This means that the facility has to be systematically flushed when switching to a food-grade lubricant. The procedure used should remove as much of the old lubricant as possible, depending on the type of equipment in question: gearbox, with or without oil circulation, hydraulic circuit, heat transfer fluid facility, compressor, air lubricators, etc. 

    • Good practice for maintenance of device containing grease: controlling change in the initial characteristics of the grease.

      The parameters to be monitored:
      • Significant increases in temperature and / or noise and vibration; this could be an indication of changes in the grease's operating conditions.
      • The state of the grease: during maintenance operations, it is a good idea to check that the grease has not been polluted by any foreign bodies
      • Changes in consistency: Areas of the grease may harden – this can sometimes be a sign that the grease has lost some of its lubricating oil. Conversely, if the grease has lost some of its consistency, that can be the result of a mix leading to a deterioration in its qualities. In both scenarios, questions should be asked about how suitable the grease is for the application in question.

    • The incidence of oil for protecting the materials against corrosion.

      If corrosion is due to the oil, then the oil must be changed. If the corrosion occurs because the oil is not protecting enough against the corrosive atmosphere, then the oil must be switched to an oil with better anti-corrosion properties. Finally, a special rust preventive oil can be used after stamping to protect against corrosion.

    • Good practice for insuring the continuity of the lubrication performance through the oil compatibility.

      Before any change or complement of lubricant in machinery, it is essential to ensure their mutual compatibility. 
      A compatibility test carried out in a laboratory might be necessary.
      Some well known cases showing compatibility issues:
      - Synthetic oils based on polyalkylene glycol (PAG) are incompatible with mineral oils and other synthetic oils. Oils formulated based on PAG are also not all mutually compatible.
      - Ash-forming oils, for example oils containing zinc dithiophosphate additives, are generally not compatible with ashless oils.
      - Replacement of a fluid grease with an oil.
      - Replacement of a grease by another incompatible grease.

    • Four good reasons to filter new oil for avoiding pollution of the circuit of the machinery.

      Filling a machine with an oil that has a very low pollution class involves significant investments in order to ensure that this property is maintained right up until it enters the inside of the hydraulic circuit, without absolute guarantees in terms of the results.

      Here are 4 critical phases during which there are risks of an oil being polluted, meaning that particular caution is required:

      • The oil may be polluted during production at the factory. Producing a very clean oil involves additional processing in additional industrial machines.
      • The packaging (drum, for example) used to transport the oil is exposed to stresses and so ages over time. Polluting particles can enter the oil. For this reason, oil that is delivered in bulk is cleaner than oil that is packaged in drums – there is no opportunity for pollution from the drum to get into the oil.
      • Drums "breathe". As the temperature varies, exchanges between the exterior and the inside of the drum take place, allowing air containing pollutants to enter.
      • There is another risk of the oil being polluted when it comes into contact with air or unprotected decanting components as it is transferred from its packaging into the circuit. 

       It is therefore far more profitable and efficient to filter the oil as it is brought into service or alongside the circuit, while the machine is in operation.
      Furthermore, it is the only way of making sure that the level of cleanliness required by the equipment is obtained.

    • Cleaning industrial chain is necessary and can be done with various solution depending the situation.

      It is advisable to clean chains periodically, particularly when relubricating them. Chains which operate in the open air, chains which are manually lubricated or lubricated using a drip system and chains which are exposed to dust should all be cleaned in particular. When changing the lubricant in casings and pressurised lubrication systems, the chain should be cleaned, together with the whole lubrication system.
      Care should be taken when selecting the cleaning products used in order to avoid any damage to the chain. Acidic products in particular should not be used to so as to avoid weakening the chain. The chain should be cleaned using pressurised water and then re-lubricated using a suitable product (with water displacement properties).
      As a general rule, the cleaning products should be carefully chosen based on the types of deposits found on the chain and the level of dirt:
      – a very fluid oil: will not prevent re-lubrication with an oil of the same type but one that is more viscous;
      – a solvent: can be used to remove coked deposits on chains that operate in hot environments. Air blowing can be used to remove any remaining solvent prior to re-lubrication;
      – high-pressure steam and water jet with detergent: can be used to easily remove amalgams. The chain should then be rinsed quickly with water in order to remove any traces of detergent, and then blown with air before being quickly re-lubricated (to prevent any corrosion).
      – brushing the chain will prevent clogging.

    • Recommendation for keeping oil circuit as clean as possible filtring the used industry lubricant.

      Just like blood in the human body, oil circulates throughout all the components of a lubrication circuit.
      During its journey, it becomes loaded with various pollutants. Contaminants fall into 3 categories: mineral – most often silica (earth, sand, etc.), vegetable or synthetic – such as pieces from the seals, flakes of paint, fibre from cloths, etc. and metallic, such as steel, iron, yellow metals that are the result of wear or running in.
      A large particle in the wrong place at the wrong time can cause a major fault in the circuit. This is why a properly configured filtration system is required in order to maximise the reliability of lubricated equipment.
      How effectively this filtration works depends on how effectively the level of cleanliness required or recommended by the hydraulic circuit's designer is adhered to, depending on what it is used for and its design. 

    • Recommendation to ensure the cleanliness of the new oil when filling a machine.

      THE 4 KEY RULES: Check that you are using the same oil or grease as the lubricant already in use in the machine.
      Use a clean container to transport the oil or a different grease pump for each grease type.
      Clean the top-up area in order to keep all pollution generated by the top-up operation to a minimum.
      Adhere to the recommended quantities and levels.

    • Best ratios to respect for a performant concentration with a soluble fluid.

      Concentration:  As a general rule, the recommended concentration for a soluble fluid in operation is 5 to 10% for emulsions. Synthetic products used for grinding operations can often be used at lower concentrations – around 3 to 6%.
      Refer to the technical data sheets or get advice from your technical consultant for more detailed information.

    • Replacement of ISO 15380 and good practice to keep the quality of lubricant when switching to biodegradable one.

      A biodegradable oil may be selected for a number of reasons: increased respect for the environment, desire to meet the criteria for a particular environmental label, standard (e.g.: ISO 14001) or regulation.  In order to meet the requirements of the ISO 15380 standard and be considered biodegradable, no more than 2% of an oil should be non-biodegradable.  In order to ensure that this very low threshold is not exceeded, the facility has to be systematically flushed when switching over to a biodegradable lubricant. 
      The procedure used should remove as much of the old lubricant as possible, depending on the type of equipment in question: gearbox, with or without oil circulation, hydraulic circuit, compressor, etc.

      Furthermore, most biodegradable oils are formulated from esters. Although esters are generally compatible with mineral oils and PAO-based synthetic oils, their solvency properties limit their compatibility with elastomers. Depending on which product is selected, its compatibility with the equipment's seals and paintwork should therefore be validated with the manufacturer.

    • Risks of hazardous reaction due to uncompatibility between two different oils.

      Incompatibility between two oils can cause a physicochemical reaction between the base oils or a chemical reaction between their performance additives:
      - The reaction between the base oils can lead to the formation of two phases, or a complete degradation of the base oils, with their viscosity becoming impaired. This results in a major modification of the properties of the fluid and pronounced reduction in the performance of the oil feed.
      - The reaction between performance additives may generate deposits. These deposits can cause a significant reduction in the filterability and/or increased foam from the mixture of the two oils, and a general drop in the performance of the oil feed.

      In these two cases, this degradation of the properties of the lubricant can cause accelerated wear of the equipment and lead to a shut down or even a breakage of the installation.
      It is therefore mandatory to perform careful flushing when changing lubricants.

    • Right level of pH for water-based coolants when used in steel machinery.

      9-9.5 -  pH is a compromise: 
      - it must be high to limit bacterial growth (>8.5)
      - it must be low in order to avoid skin irritation (<10)

    • Oil is a fundamental component for protecting a vehicle's engine and helps to ensure it has a long lifespan. The engine oil has to be changed regularly, according to the recommendations of the owner's manual. You should also refer to the owner's manual to find the TOTAL HI-PERF® that is best suited to the specific engine type.

      Click here to access the 7 steps to change motorbike oil